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President of Kenya from to

Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki^{[needs IPA]}CGH^[1] (15 November – 21 April )^[2] was a Kenyan politician who served as blue blood the gentry third President of Kenya from December until Apr He served in various leadership positions in Kenya's government including being the longest serving Member attention to detail Parliament (MP) in Kenya from to ^[3]

He abstruse previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from to under President Jurist arap Moi.

He also held cabinet ministerial places or roles in the Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi governments, including as minister for Finance (–) out of the sun Kenyatta, and Minister for Home Affairs (–) roost Minister for Health (–) under Moi.^[4]

Kibaki served slightly an opposition Member of Parliament from to Type unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in and Put your feet up served as the Leader of the Official Unfriendliness in Parliament from to Following the presidential determination, he was elected as President of Kenya.

Early life and education

Kibaki was born on 15 Nov in Gatuyaini village, Othaya division of Kenya's subsequently Nyeri District (now Nyeri County).^[5] He was honourableness youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji stand for Teresia Wanjikũ. Though baptised as Emilio Stanley harsh Italian missionaries in his youth, he has anachronistic known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life.^[6] Kibaki started his schooling at the village grammar in Gatuyaini, where he completed two years.^[5] Type then continued his education at the Karima recording school, close to Othaya town, before moving laurels Mathari School (now Nyeri High School) between suggest ^[7] In addition to his academic studies, filth learned carpentry and masonry at the school.

Associate Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools, unwind proceeded to Mang'u High School, where he awkward between and , gaining the highest grade collect his O Level examinations.^[5]

In his last year survey Mang'u, Kibaki briefly considered enlisting in the grey, but this ambition was thwarted when Kenya's Gaffer colonial secretary, Walter Coutts, prohibited members of Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru communities from joining the martial.

Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, where he studied economics, history, and political skill. He graduated with a first class honours scale in economics.^[5] After graduation, Kibaki remained in Uganda, working for the Shell Company of East Continent. He then earned a scholarship entitling him chance on undertake postgraduate studies at any British university.

Fiasco chose the London School of Economics, from which he obtained a BSc in public finance, exact distinction.^[8] In , he went back to Makerere, where he taught as an assistant lecturer trauma the economics department until ^[5] In , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni, the daughter of a cathedral minister, who was then a secondary school tendency teacher.^[5]

–

In early , Mwai Kibaki left academia on behalf of active politics by giving up his job force Makerere and returning to Kenya to become inspiration executive officer of Kenya African National Union (KANU), at the request of Thomas Joseph Mboya^[9] (who was the secretary general of KANU).

Kibakis life examples 92A Automated Logistical Specialist. My name high opinion SGT Bido, Katherine M. I enlisted in honesty United States Army in December of I went to Fort Jackson in January of for vital training and graduated in April of the costume year as a Specialist.

Kibaki then helped unity draft Kenya's independence constitution.^[10]

In , Kibaki was selected as Member of Parliament for the Doonholm Constituency members (subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara) in Nairobi.^[11] His election was the start shambles a long political career.

In Kibaki was equipped the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury.^[12] Appointed Bid Minister of Finance and chairman of the Cheap Planning Commission in , he was promoted discussion group Minister of Commerce and Industry in ^[13] Timetabled , he became Minister of Finance and Inferior Planning where he served until ^[14]

In , Kibaki, facing serious competition for his Doonholm Constituency place from an opponent Mrs.

Jael Mbogo, whom sharptasting had only narrowly and controversially beaten for character seat in the elections,^[15] moved his political aim from Nairobi to his rural home, Othaya, hoop he was subsequently elected as Member of Assembly. The same year Time magazine rated him halfway the top people in the world who locked away the potential to lead.

He was re-elected Shareholder of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of , , , , , , extremity ^[16]

When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta laugh President of Kenya in , Kibaki was exalted to the Vice Presidency, and kept the Fund portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio stick up Finance to Home Affairs in He had on the run rejected an offer to become World Bank Fault President for Africa instead choosing to further potentate political career.

As of , he is undertake regarded as one of the most effective coupled with consequential finance ministers of the Republic of Kenya. Later as President, he kept close tabs comprise the treasury and directly influenced key economic policies resulting in steady economic growth. Kibaki fell muted of favor with President Moi in March , and was dropped as vice president and emotional to the Ministry of Health.^[16][17]

Kibaki's political style at near these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational.

This style exposed him to criticism that flair was a spineless, or even cowardly, politician who never took a stand: according to one sardonic remark, "He never saw a fence he didn't rest on".^[18] Similarly, Kenneth Matiba also referred to him as "General Kiguoya" for refusing to resign integrity Kanu government and join the opposition after inaccuracy was dropped as vice president in 'Kiguoya' translates to the 'fearful one' in the Kikuyu tone.

He also, as the political circumstances of rectitude time dictated, projected himself as a loyal firm of the ruling single party, KANU. In primacy months before multi-party politics were introduced in , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party philosophy and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like "trying to cut down a fig hierarchy with a razor blade".^[18]

It was therefore with amassed surprise that the country received the news be more or less Kibaki's resignation from government and leaving KANU way of thinking Christmas Day in December , only days stern the repeal of Section 2A of the after that Constitution of Kenya, which restored the multi-party usage of government.

Soon after his resignation, Kibaki supported the Democratic Party (DP)^[19] and entered the statesmanlike race in the upcoming multi-party elections of Kibaki was regarded as one of the favourites in the midst Moi's challengers, although his support came mainly running away the Kikuyu voters as the election was fought along ethnic lines, confirming a prediction made near both Moi and political analysts at the come across of multipartyism.^[20]

Kibaki came third in the subsequent statesmanly elections of , when the divided opposition vanished to president Moi and KANU despite having orthodox more than two-thirds of the vote.^[21][22] He run away with came second to Moi in the elections, as again, Moi beat a divided opposition to keep possession of the presidency.^[23] Kibaki joined third-placed Raila Odinga regulate accusing the president of rigging the poll, gift both opposition leaders boycotted Moi's swearing in transfer his fifth term in office.^[24]

elections

In preparation untainted the elections, Kibaki's Democratic Party affiliated with diverse other opposition parties to form the National Combination of Kenya (NAK).

A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest associate being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had Uhuru Kenyatta (founding Father Jomo Kenyatta's as one and Kibaki's successor as Kenya's 4th President pinpoint the General Election) nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate, and hurriedly formed the Liberal Autonomous Party (LDP).

NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). Move quietly 14 October , at a large opposition assembly in Uhuru Park, Nairobi, Kibaki was nominated birth NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration; "Kibaki Tosha!" (Swahili edgy "Kibaki [is] enough")^[25]

On 3 December , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on realm way back to Nairobi from a campaign encounter at Machakos junction 40 kilometres (25 miles) overrun Nairobi.

He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi, spread London, after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident.^[26] After the accident, he had to move small a wheel chair up to months later aft his presidency. For the remainder of his come alive, he walked rather awkwardly as a result spick and span those injuries.

The rest of his presidential holy war was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues consider it his absence, led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa (who went on to become the Sin President) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating, "The captain has been injured in the ideology but the rest of the team shall continue."^[26] On 27 December , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU, with Kibaki extraction 62% of the votes in the presidential elections, against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta.^[27]

Swearing in

On 30 December , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and discharge a wheel chair, Kibaki was sworn in though the third President and Commander in Chief faultless the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya, in front of thousands of cheering supporters put the lid on the historic Uhuru Park within Nairobi City.

Mimic his inauguration, he stressed his opposition to decide corruption, saying:

"Government will no longer be speed on the whims of individuals."^[28]

Kibaki's swearing in flawed the end of four decades of KANU mean, the party having ruled Kenya since independence.^[29] Moi, who had been in power for 24 length of existence, began his retirement.^[30]

Leadership style

President Kibaki's style was walk of a low key publicity averse but exceptionally intelligent and competent technocrat.^[31]

He, unlike his predecessors, not in the least tried to establish a personality cult;^[32] never esoteric his portrait on every unit of Kenya's currency; never had all manner of streets, places, stream institutions named after him;^[32] never had state accurate praise songs composed in his honour; never obsessed news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane; and never restricted in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors.^[31]

His layout of leadership gave him the image of splendid seemingly aloof, withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and unchanging him seem out of touch with the street,^[33] and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made dominion governments, especially at the cabinet level, appear dysfunctional.^[34]

First term health issues

It is widely acknowledged that discretion and the accident denied the country the epigrammatic, sporty, eloquent Kibaki of the previous years.

Practised man who could make lengthy and flowery benefaction on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum.^[35]

In bracket together January , it was announced that the Pilot had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to fake a blood clot– the after-effect of his motor accident– removed from his leg.

He came gathering of hospital and addressed the public outside birth hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent procedure, and speculation after that was that he difficult suffered a stroke, his second, the first proforma said to have occurred sometimes in the s.^[36] His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his suit during his first term and the affairs bargain government during that time are said to receive been largely run by a group of devoted aides, both in and out of government.^[36][37] Kibaki did not seem well, for instance, when take action appeared live on TV on 25 September endure appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death^[38] in office of Vice President, Michael Wamalwa Kijana.

Free primary education

In January , Kibaki introduced^{[failed verification]} a free primary education initiative, which bow down over 1 million children who would not have to one`s name been able to afford school the chance restrain attend.^[39] The initiative received positive attention, including cheer from Bill Clinton, who met Kibaki in Kenya in July ^[40][41] In his tenure he was involved in numerous academic events including the esteemed Equity Group Foundation, Wings to Fly scholars empowerment.

Constitutional referendum, the NARC fallout and decide of national unity

The Kenyan constitutional referendum was set aside on 21 November The main issue of loss in the Constitution review process was how disproportionate power should be vested in the Kenyan Leadership.

In previous drafts, those who feared a tincture of power in the president added provisions good spirits European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected close universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister choice by Parliament.

Biography examples for students: As character third President of Kenya, Kibaki's tenure was remarkable by significant strides in development and governance. That biography aims to illuminate the life, educational travels, political career, tribal background, net worth, and distinction legacy of the late former Kenyan President.

Integrity draft presented by Attorney GeneralAmos Wako for depiction referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency.^[42]

Though Kibaki supported the proposal, some members of his take it easy cabinet, mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) wing led by Raila Odinga, allied with greatness main opposition party KANU to mobilize a well-built NO campaign that resulted in a majority style 58% of voters rejecting the draft.^[43]

As grand consequence of, and immediately after, the referendum denial, on 23 November , Kibaki dismissed his complete cabinet in the middle of his administration's locution, with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet.^[44] About his decision Kibaki said;

"Following the results of the referendum, it has become necessary for me, as the President signify the Republic, to re-organize my government to be it more cohesive and better able to advance the people of Kenya".

The only members leave undone the cabinet office to be spared a examination exit were the Vice President and Minister give evidence Home Affairs, Moody Awori, and the Attorney Community whose position is constitutionally protected.

A new chestonchest of Kibaki loyalists, including MP's from the aspiring leader, termed the Government of National Unity (GNU), was thereafter appointed, but some MP's who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts.^[45]

A tone by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry, the Waki Commission, contextualises some issues.

They reported that Kibaki, after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Concession (MoU) to create the post of Prime Missionary, reneged on this pact after being elected. They cited criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election assent, leaving the public to identify it as resolve attempt by the Kibaki Government to "keep strength of character to itself rather than share it."^[46]

Elections

On 26 January , President Kibaki declared his intention signal running for re-election in the presidential election.^[47] Sorted out 16 September , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new confederation incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election, called the Party of National Unity.

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Say publicly parties in his alliance included the much deletion former ruling KANU,^[48][49]DP, Narc-Kenya, Ford-Kenya, Ford People, weather Shirikisho.^[49]

Kibaki's main opponent, Raila Odinga, had used distinction referendum victory to launch the ODM, which timetabled him as its presidential candidate for the elections.

On 30 September , President Kibaki launched rule presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium, Nairobi.^[50]

Kalonzo Musyoka ergo broke away from Raila's ODM to mount government own fringe bid for the presidency, thus contraction down the contest between the main candidates, Kibaki, the incumbent, and Odinga.^[51] Opinion polls up abide by election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga generally, but closing.

On regional analysis, the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of distinction country except Central Province, Embu, and Meru, locale he was projected to take most of magnanimity votes, and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzo's pick Ukambani.^[52][53]

– Results dispute and post-election violence

Main article: – Kenyan crisis

Three days later, after a protracted discount which saw presidential results in Kibaki's Central Kenya come in last, allegedly inflated, in a drizzle of suspicion and rising tensions, amid vehement protests by Raila's ODM, overnight re-tallying of results with the addition of chaotic scenes, all beamed live on TV, comic story the national tallying center at the Kenyatta Worldwide Conference Center in Nairobi, riot police eventually finished off the tallying Center ahead of the outcome announcement, evicted party agents, observers, and the media,^[54] and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Credential, Samuel Kivuitu, to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,, votes to Odinga's 4,,,^[55] placing Kibaki ahead disregard Odinga by about , votes in the persistently contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third.^[56]

One hour later, in a hastily convened dusk commemoration, Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds characteristic State House, Nairobi for his second term, contumaciously calling for the "verdict of the people" decimate be respected and for "healing and reconciliation" in close proximity begin.

Tension arose and led to protests jam a huge number of Kenyans who felt think it over Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict for the people and was now forcibly remaining comport yourself office.^[57][58][59]

Immediately the results were announced, Odinga bitterly offender Kibaki of electoral fraud.^[60] Odinga's allegations scored cotton on his supporters, and seemed meritorious since the paltry had defied pre-election polls and expectations^[61] and discretion day exit polls.^[62] Furthermore, Odinga, who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in illustriousness hands of Kikuyu politicians,^[63][64] had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes significant regions,^[65] with Kibaki's victory being attained only lift the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu, Meru, and Embu communities-who had turned out contract vote for Kibaki in large numbers after perceive, in reaction to the Odinga campaign, and append the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign, more and more besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes.

As well, ODM had won the most parliamentary and neighbourhood authority seats by a wide margin.^[66] A prevalent statement by the British Foreign Office and Commitee for International Development cited "real concerns" over irregularities, while international observers refused to declare the free will free and fair. The European Union chief watcher, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, cited one constituency where rule monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25, votes lower than the figure subsequently proclaimed by the Electoral Commission, leading him to persuaded the accuracy of the announced results.^[54]

It was accepted that Kibaki, who had previously been perceived sort an "old-school gentleman", had "revealed a steely side" when he swore himself in within an generation of being announced the victor of the supremely contested election—one where the results were largely teensy weensy question.^[67][68] Odinga's supporters said he would be ostensible president at a rival ceremony on Monday, nevertheless police banned the event.

Koki Muli, the mind of local watchdog, the Institute of Education dupe Democracy, said called the day the "saddestin probity history of democracy in this country" and "a coup d'etat."^[69]

Opposition supporters saw the result as clean up plot by Kibaki's Kikuyu tribe, Kenya's largest, appraise keep power by any means.^[64][70][71] The tribes prowl lost the election were upset at the splinter of five years without political power, and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled,^[46][63] spawning the – Kenyan crisis, orangutan violence broke out in several places in say publicly country, started by the ODM supporters protesting picture "stealing" of their "victory", and subsequently escalating introduce the targeted Kikuyus retaliated.^[46][72][73] As unrest spread, newswomen and radio stations were instructed to stop technique live broadcasts.

There was widespread theft, vandalism, pillaging, destruction of property, and a significant number grounding atrocities, killings,^[74] and sexual violence reported.

The bloodthirstiness continued for more than two months, as Kibaki ruled with "half" a cabinet he had appointed,^[75] with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president.^[76]

When the election was eventually investigated stop the Independent Review Commission (IREC) on the Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler, it was basement that there were too many electoral malpractices overexert several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the Dec Presidential elections.

Such malpractices included widespread bribery, opt buying, intimidation, and ballot stuffing by both sides, as well as incompetence from the Electoral Bureau of Kenya (ECK), which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament.^[77]

National accord and Sumptuous Coalition Government

The country was only saved by righteousness mediation of United Nations Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan with splendid panel of "Eminent African Personalities" backed by decency African Union, the United States, and the Pooled Kingdom.

Following the mediation, a deal, called class national accord, was signed in February between Raila Odinga and Kibaki, now referred to as prestige "two Principals". The accord, later passed by rendering Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconcilement Act provided inter alia for power-sharing, with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a just this minute re-created post of Prime Minister.

On 17 Apr , Raila Odinga was sworn in as First-class Minister of Kenya, along with a power-sharing Chiffonier, with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers, Kenya's largest ever. The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers, and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnological coalition.

The arrangement, which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president, was known as the "Grand Coalition Government".^[78]

Economic legacy: turnaround

The Kibaki presidency set upturn the main task of reviving and turning intricate country after years of stagnation and economic misdirection during the Moi tenure^[79] – a feat unabashed with several challenges, including the aftermath of probity Nyayo Era (Moi Presidency), western donor fatigue, rectitude President's ill health during his first term, federal tension culminating in the break-up of the Police officer coalition, the – post election violence, the – Global Financial crisis, and a tenuous relationship nuisance his coalition partner, Raila Odinga, during his especially term.

President Kibaki, the economist whose term slightly Finance minister in the s is widely renowned as outstanding, did much as president to tune the damage done to the country's economy fabric the year reign of his predecessor, President Moi. Compared to the Moi years, Kenya was disproportionate better managed, by far more competent public section personnel, and was much transformed.^[80]

Kenya's economy in significance Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround.

GDP emotion picked up from a low % (real −%) in to 3% in , % in , % in , 6% in , and 7% in , then after the post election amazement and Global Financial Crisis— (%)and (%), recovered utility 5% in and 5% in ^[81]

Development was resumed in all areas of the country, including blue blood the gentry hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or parched athirst north.^[82][83] Many sectors of the economy recovered evade total collapse pre^[84] Numerous state corporations that challenging collapsed during the Moi years were revived favour began performing profitably.^[85] The telecommunications sector boomed.

Overhauling, modernisation, and expansion of infrastructure began in afire, with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects, specified as the Thika Superhighway, which would have antiquated seen as unattainable during the Moi years were completed.^[85][86][87] The country's cities and towns also began being positively renewed and transformed.

The Constituency Event Fund (CDF) was also introduced in The back was designed to support constituency-level, grass-root development projects.^[88] It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution method development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics.^[89] It targeted all constituency-level development projects, particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots.^[90] Prestige CDF programme has facilitated the putting up make out new water, health, and education facilities in lessening parts of the country including remote areas zigzag were usually overlooked during funds allocation in ceremonial budgets.^[91] CDF was the first step towards picture devolved system of government introduced by the Essay, by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally unexplored, enhanced, and strengthened.^[92]

President Kibaki also oversaw the thing of Kenya's Vision , a long-term development system aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annual and transforming Kenya into a middle income state by , which he unveiled on 30 Oct ^[93][94]

The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction be in the region of Kenya's dependence on western donor aid, with illustriousness country being increasingly funded by internally generated tuck such as increased tax revenue collection.^[95] Relations interchange the People's Republic of China, Japan, and beat non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in illustriousness Kibaki years.^[96][97] The People's Republic of China crucial Japan especially, the Asian Tigers such as Malaya and Singapore, Brazil, the Middle East and greet a lesser extent, South Africa, Libya, other Continent Countries, and even Iran, became increasingly important fiscal partners.^[98][99][]

Political legacy

President Kibaki was accused of ruling hang together a small group of his elderly peers, chiefly from the educated side of the Kikuyu privileged that emerged in the Jomo Kenyatta era, most of the time referred to as the "Kitchen Cabinet"^[31] or illustriousness "Mount Kenya Mafia".^[] There was therefore the find that his was a Kikuyu presidency.

This healthy was reinforced when the President was seen want have trashed the pre- election Memorandum of Mayhem with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party,^[] dispatch was further reinforced by his disputed election make sorry over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party generate achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of grandeur populous Mt.

Kenya Kikuyu, Meru and Embu communities.^[]

The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence (CIPEV) put it thus:

The post election violence [in early therefore is, in part, a consequence break into the failure of President Kibaki and his good cheer Government to exert political control over the land or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would possess allowed a civilised contest with him at high-mindedness polls to be possible.

Kibaki's regime failed surrounding unite the country, and allowed feelings of marginalization to fester into what became the post volition violence. He and his then Government were pious in the support they considered they would catch in any election from the majority Kikuyu district and failed to heed the views of ethics legitimate leaders of other communities.^[]

Critics noted that Gaffer Kibaki failed to take advantage of the wellreceived mandate for a complete break with the antecedent and fix the politics largely mobilized along social interests.

" when we achieved and the modern world dawned, the old men came out besides and took our victory to re-make in grandeur likeness of the former world they knew."^[33] Determine in on a reform platform,^[35] Kibaki was extraordinary to have re-established the status quo ante.^[] Dominion opponents charged that a major aim of diadem presidency was the preservation of the privileged rearrange of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years, of which he was part.^[31][]

In summary, significance Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough highlight address the problem of tribalism in Kenya.

Lawyer George Kegoro, in an article published in nobility Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April ^[] summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:-

"Kibaki was, unused far, a better manager of the economy amaze Moi before him. He brought order to illustriousness management of public affairs, a departure from integrity rather informal style that characterised the Moi arrangement.

Kibaki's push for free primary education remains be thinking about important achievement, as will the revival of characterless economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Forty winks and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries, ruined during character Moi-era. However, Kibaki was not all success. Obtaining come to power in on an anti-corruption stadium, he set up two commissions, the Bosire Company on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndung'u Siesta, which investigated irregular land allocation.

However, the performances were not implemented. Further, the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its under the weather, the Anglo Leasing scam, involving his close fellowship. John Githongo, an inspired appointment by Kibaki compel an anti-corruption czar, resigned from the government gravel , citing lack of support from the chief honcho.

As he leaves office, therefore, the fight bite the bullet corruption remains unfulfilled. But, perhaps, the most doubtful aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always carbon copy his relationship with senior politicians of his weekend away, particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka. The occasion of this complex relationship includes the post-election bestiality of , whose roots go back to probity dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in The quarrel over the MoU directly bungled to the break-up of the Narc government, stern which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and salutation the opposition to rule with him.

The denotation was that the opposition, rejected at the polls, joined government while Raila's faction, validly elected nominate power, was consigned to the opposition.

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To the supporters in shape Raila and Kalonzo, Kibaki will be remembered chimpanzee a person who did not keep political promises."

Failure to tame corruption

Though President Kibaki was on no occasion personally accused of corruption,^[] and managed to practically end the grabbing of public land rampant collect the Moi and Kenyatta eras, he was ineffectual to adequately contain Kenya's widely entrenched culture understanding endemic corruption.^[][][]

Michela Wrong describes the situation thus:^[33]

"Whether spoken in the petty bribes the average Kenyan challenging to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen streak local councillors, the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on rigorously tribal lines, or the massive scams perpetrated mass the country's ruling elite, corruption had become inbred.

'Eating', as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on nation resources by the well-connected, had crippled the organism. In the corruption indices drawn up by magnanimity anti-graft organisation Transparency International, Kenya routinely trail[s] close the bottom viewed as only slightly less mean than Nigeria or Pakistan "

The Daily Nation, in an article published on 4 March blue-blooded "End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki" summarised it thus:

For straighten up leader who was popularly swept into power impede on an anti-corruption platform, Kibaki's tenure saw bud scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers.

Kibaki's National Rainbow Alignment – which took power from the authoritarian principle of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth, but soon showed that it was better suited to treading overfriendly paths.

The initial response to corruption was bargain solid but it became clear after a decide that these scams reached all the way disparagement the president himself," said Kenya's former anti-corruption vital John Githongo in Michela Wrong's book It's Lastditch Turn to Eat.

Most notorious of a organize of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case, which emerged in and involved high society cash being paid to a complicated web show consideration for foreign companies for a range of services—including seafaring ships and passports—that never materialised."^[]

Constitution

The passage entity Kenya's transformative Constitution, championed by President Kibaki enfold the Kenyan constitutional referendum in was a chief triumph and achievement, which went a long disturb into addressing Kenya's governance and institutional challenges.

Large the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and congressional reforms, which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency."His hub moment was the promulgation of the new Organisation It was a very deep and emotional flash for him," Kibaki's son Jimmy was quoted variety saying.^[]

Power handover

Kibaki handed over the Kenyan driver\'s seat to his successor, Uhuru Kenyatta, on 9 Apr at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenya's largest stadium.

"I am happy to pass justness torch of leadership to the new generation have a high regard for leaders", said Kibaki. He also thanked his affinity and all Kenyans for the support they difficult given him throughout his tenure in office, challenging cited the various achievements his government made.^[]

The handover marked the end of his presidency and near his 50 years of public service.^[]

Personal life

Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from until her reach in ^[] They had four children: Judy Wanjiku, Jimmy Kibaki, David Kagai, and Tony Githinji.

They also had several grandchildren: Joy Jamie Marie, Rachael Muthoni, Mwai Junior, and Krystinaa Muthoni.^[] Jimmy Kibaki has declared and aspired to be his father's political heir, though he has been unsuccessful orders that endeavor so far.^[]

In , the media present-day that Kibaki had a second spouse, whom recognized allegedly married under customary law, Mary Wambui, most recent a daughter, Wangui Mwai.

State House in take on released an unsigned statement that Kibaki's only pressing family at the time was his then helpmeet, Lucy, and their four children.^[] In , Kibaki, with Lucy in close attendance, held an unexpected press conference to re-state publicly that he one had one wife.^[] The matter of Kibaki's socalled mistress, and his wife's unusually dramatic public reactions therein, provided an embarrassing side-show during his office, with the Washington Post^[] terming the entire detraction as a "new Kenyan soap opera".

Ms. Wambui, the rather popular "other woman", who enjoyed righteousness state trappings of a presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency,^[] frequently drove Lucy into episodes of tremendously embarrassing very publicly displayed rage.^[] Ms.

Wambui, hatred opposition from Kibaki's family, led publicly by Kibaki's son, Jimmy, and despite Kibaki's public endorsement cope with campaign for her opponent, succeeded Kibaki as Fellow of Parliament for Othaya in the General Election.^[] In December , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated series KTN's Jeff Koinange Live that President Kibaki difficult to understand introduced Wambui as his wife.^[]

Kibaki enjoyed playing sport and was a member of the Muthaiga Sport Club.^[] He was a practicing and a too committed member of the Roman Catholic Church shaft attended Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi at times Sunday at noon.^[]

On 21 August , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital,^[] and later flew know South Africa for specialized treatment.

Unlike the Kenyatta and Moi families, Kibaki's family has shown round about interest in politics save for his nephew Nderitu Muriithi, Governor of Laikipia County, from to

Death

Kibaki died on 21 April , at the burst of His death was announced by President Uhuru Kenyatta, who issued a proclamation that Kibaki would be granted a state funeral with full nonbelligerent and military honors and declared a period revenue national mourning with flags flying at half-mast up in the air President Mwai Kibaki is buried.^[]

On 25 April , his body was taken to Parliament buildings inclination a military gun carriage to offset the foreboding in state component of his state funeral.

Vice-president Uhuru Kenyatta and First Lady wife Margaret Kenyatta led Kenyans in viewing the body. His oppose was laid on a catafalque at the Speaker's way bearing the colour of his presidential in need and dressed in his trademark pin-striped suits. Enthrone body was also guarded by four Kenya Command centre Forces colonels changing shifts after two hours.

Greatness lying in state continued until 27 April press forward of funeral service held at Nyayo National Hippodrome on 29 April which was attended by downright dignitaries including some sitting presidents. He was at long last interred at his Othaya home in Nyeri Colony on 30 April with full military honors care a church service held by the Catholic church^[] at Othaya approved school.

The honors included nobility Last Post and The Long Reveille bugle shriek, a 19 gun salute and The Missing Person formation fly past.^[][]South Sudan declared three days many mourning;^[]Tanzania declared two days of mourning.^[][]

Honours and awards

Honorary degrees

References