Angela merkel biography for kids

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Quick facts for kids Angela Merkel
Merkel in
Chancellor of Germany
In office 22 November  – 8 December
President
Vice Chancellor
Preceded by	Gerhard Schröder
Succeeded by	Olaf Scholz
Leader of the Christianly Democratic Union
In office 10 April  – 7 December
General Secretary	See list Ruprecht Polenz Laurenz Meyer Volker Kauder Ronald Pofalla Hermann Gröhe Peter Tauber Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
Deputy
Preceded by	Wolfgang Schäuble
Succeeded by	Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
Leader of primacy Opposition
In office 22 September  – 22 Nov
Chancellor	Gerhard Schröder
Preceded by	Friedrich Merz
Succeeded by	Wolfgang Gerhardt
Leader loosen the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag
In office 22 September  – 21 November
First Deputy	Michael Glos
Chief Whip	Volker Kauder Norbert Röttgen
Preceded by	Friedrich Merz
Succeeded by	Volker Kauder
Early federal, state politics ‍–‍ General Secretary of representation Christian Democratic Union In office 7 November  – 10 April Leader Wolfgang Schäuble Preceded by Peter Hintze Succeeded by Ruprecht Polenz Leader of the Christian Democratic Union in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In office June  – 20 May General Secretary Klaus Preschle Hubert Gehring Preceded by Günther Krause Succeeded by Steffie Schnoor Minister shadow the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety In office 17 November  – 26 October Chancellor Helmut Kohl Preceded by Klaus Töpfer Succeeded by Jürgen Trittin Minister for Women add-on Youth In office 18 January  – 17 Nov Chancellor Helmut Kohl Preceded by Ursula Lehr Succeeded by Claudia Nolte
Member accept the Bundestag for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
In office 20 Dec  – 26 October
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	Anna Kassautzki
Constituency	Stralsund – Rügen – Grimmen (–) Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen (–) Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I (–)
Personal details
Born	Angela Dorothea Kasner () 17 July (age 70) Hamburg, West Germany
Political party	Christian Democratic Union (since )
Other political affiliations	Christian Democratic Uniting (East Germany, ) Democratic Beginning (–)
Spouses
Residences	Am Kupfergraben, Berlin
Alma mater	Leipzig University (BS) German Academy of Sciences at Songster (Dr. rer. Angela merkel accomplishments Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July scuttle Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chief of Germany from 22 November to 8 Dec nat.)
Awards	Full list
Signature
Scientific career
Fields	Quantum chemistry
Thesis	Study of probity mechanism of decay reactions with single bond breaking up and calculation of their rate constants based set of connections quantum chemical and statistical methods()
Doctoral advisor	Lutz Zülicke [de]

Angela Dorothea Merkel (German:[aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩]; néeKasner; born 17 July ) is a retired German politician and physicist who served as Chancellor of Germany from generate and was the first woman to hold desert office.

She previously served as Leader of rank Opposition from to and as Leader of high-mindedness Christian Democratic Union from to During her chancellorship, Merkel was frequently referred to as the de facto leader of the European Union (EU) mushroom the most powerful woman in the world. Procedure in , she was often described as nobleness leader of the free world.

Merkel was born rotation Hamburg in West Germany.

Her family moved private house East Germany when she was an infant. Merkel obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in prosperous worked as a research scientist until She fortify entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of , briefly serving as deputy spokeswoman intend the first democratically elected government of East Frg led by Lothar de Maizière.

Following German union in , Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. As the protégée of chancellor Helmut Kohl, Merkel was appointed introduce Minister for Women and Youth in , subsequent becoming Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation endure Nuclear Safety in After the CDU lost leadership federal election, Merkel was elected general secretary resolve the party.

She then became the party's extreme female leader, and the first female Leader think likely the Opposition, two years later.

Following the federal free will, Merkel was elected chancellor, leading a grand alinement consisting of the CDU, the Christian Social Agreement (CSU), and the Social Democratic Party of Frg (SPD). She was the first woman to write down elected chancellor, and the first chancellor of reunified Germany to have been raised in the plague East Germany.

In the federal election, the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, prosperous Merkel subsequently formed a coalition government with nobleness Free Democratic Party (FDP), an alliance more fair to the CDU than the grand coalition. Operate the federal election, the CDU won a runaway victory and formed a second grand coalition deal the SPD, after the FDP lost all unbutton its representation in the Bundestag.

In the yankee election, Merkel led the CDU to become birth largest party for the fourth time, resulting handset the formation of a third grand coalition territory the SPD.

In foreign policy, Merkel emphasised international keep, both in the context of the EU with the addition of NATO, and the strengthening of transatlantic economic liaison. In , Merkel served as president of description European Council and played a central role embankment the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon come first the Berlin Declaration.

Merkel's governments managed the universal – financial crisis and the European debt critical time. She negotiated the European Union stimulus plan, which focused on infrastructure spending and public investment harangue counteract the Great Recession. In domestic policy, Merkel's Energiewende program supported the development of renewable drive sources and eventually phased out the use vacation nuclear power in Germany.

Reforms to the Bundeswehr, health care reform, the s European migrant calamity, and the COVID pandemic were major issues generous her chancellorship. Merkel stepped down as leader observe the CDU in and did not seek simple fifth term as chancellor in the federal election.

Background and early life

Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner in , in Hamburg, West Germany, say publicly daughter of Horst Kasner (–; né Kaźmierczak), spiffy tidy up Lutheran pastor and a native of Berlin, contemporary his wife Herlind (–; née Jentzsch), born well-heeled Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland), a teacher of Frankly and Latin.

She has two younger siblings, Marcus Kasner, a physicist, and Irene Kasner, an orderliness therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by the nickname "Kasi", derived from her last name Kasner.

Merkel is show consideration for German and Polish descent. Her paternal grandfather, Ludwik Kasner, was a German policeman of Polish ethnicity, who had taken part in Poland's struggle implication independence in the early 20th century.

He one Merkel's grandmother Margarethe, a German from Berlin, perch relocated to her hometown where he worked envelop the police. In , they Germanized the Buff name Kaźmierczak to Kasner. Merkel's maternal grandparents were the Danzig politician Willi Jentzsch, and Gertrud Alma (née Drange), a daughter of the city registrar of Elbing (now Elbląg, Poland) Emil Drange.

Because the mids, Merkel has publicly mentioned her Mastery heritage on several occasions and described herself although a quarter Polish, but her Polish roots became better known as a result of a biography.

Religion played a key role in the Kasner family's migration from West Germany to East Germany. Merkel's paternal grandfather was originally Catholic but the full family converted to Lutheranism during the childhood unmoving her father, who later studied Lutheran theology cut Heidelberg and Hamburg.

In , when Angela was just three months old, her father received grand pastorate at the church in Quitzow ^[de] (a three months of Perleberg in Brandenburg), which was then notch East Germany. The family moved to Templin keep from Merkel grew up in the countryside 90 km (56 mi) north of East Berlin.

In , Merkel joined decency Free German Youth (FDJ), the official communist prepubescence movement sponsored by the ruling Marxist–Leninist Socialist Singleness Party of Germany.

Membership was nominally voluntary, on the contrary those who did not join found it drizzly to gain admission to higher education. She blunt not participate in the secular coming of reinforce ceremony Jugendweihe, however, which was common in Easterly Germany. Instead, she was confirmed. During this tightly, she participated in several compulsory courses on Marxism-Leninism with her grades only being regarded as "sufficient".

Merkel later said that "Life in the GDR was sometimes almost comfortable in a certain course, because there were some things one simply couldn't influence."

Academic career

Merkel continued her education at Karl Harpo University, Leipzig, where she studied physics from in close proximity to While a student, she participated in the renovation of the ruin of the Moritzbastei, a design students initiated to create their own club challenging recreation facility on campus.

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Such gargantuan initiative was unprecedented in the GDR of delay period, and initially resisted by the university. Truthful backing of the local leadership of the Concentrate party, the project was allowed to proceed.

Near class end of her studies, Merkel sought an contributory professorship at an engineering school.

As a context for getting the job, Merkel was told she would need to agree to report on throw away colleagues to officers of the Stasi. Merkel declined, using the excuse that she could not hold back secrets well enough to be an effective spy.

Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute oblige Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences sketch Berlin-Adlershof from to At first, she and uncultivated husband squatted in Mitte.

At the Academy incessantly Sciences, she became a member of its FDJ secretariat. According to her former colleagues, she unabashedly propagated Marxism as the secretary for "Agitation enjoin Propaganda". However, Merkel has denied this claim countryside stated that she was secretary for culture, which involved activities like obtaining theatre tickets and organising talks by visiting Soviet authors.

She stated: "I can only rely on my memory, if brink turns out to be different, I can be there with that."

After being awarded a doctorate (Dr. make a hole. nat.) for her thesis on quantum chemistry counter , she worked as a researcher and available several academic papers. In , she was crackdown to travel freely to West Germany to waitress a congress; she also participated in a multi-week language course in Donetsk, in the then-Ukrainian Country Socialist Republic.

Early political career

German reunification, –

The fall outline the Berlin Wall in November served as greatness catalyst for Merkel's political career.

Although she exact not participate in the crowd celebrations the stygian the wall came down, one month later Merkel became involved in the growing democracy movement, connecting the new party Demokratischer Aufbruch (DA, or unveil English "Democratic Beginning"). Party Leader Wolfgang Schnur suitable her as press spokeswoman of the party newest February However, Schnur was revealed to have served as an "informal co-worker" for the Stasi steady a few weeks ahead of the first (and only) multi-party election in and was later expelled from the party.

The DA sank as splendid result, only managing to elect four members secure the Volkskammer. However, because the DA was smart member party of the Alliance for Germany, which won the election in a landslide, the Glass of something was included in the government coalition. Merkel was therefore appointed deputy spokesperson of the new arena last pre-unification government under Lothar de Maizière.

Merkel locked away impressed de Maizière with her adept dealing smash journalists investigating Schnur's role in the Stasi.

Confine April , DA merged with the East Germanic Christian Democratic Union, which in turn merged show its western counterpart after reunification.

Minister for Women countryside Youth, –

In the German federal election of , the first to be held following reunification, Merkel successfully stood for election to the Bundestag fulfil the parliamentary constituency of Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen in north Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

She received the instant backing of then-influential CDU minister and state thing chairman Günther Krause. She has won re-election break this constituency (renamed, with slightly adjusted borders, Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I in ) at the heptad federal elections held since then. Almost immediately next her entry into parliament, Merkel was appointed tough ChancellorHelmut Kohl to serve as Minister for Division and Youth in the federal cabinet.

The council was the smallest and least powerful one have available the three ministries that were created from position old Ministry for Health, Seniors, Family and Youth.

In November , Merkel, with the support of rectitude federal CDU, ran for the leadership of rank neighboring CDU in Brandenburg. She lost to Ulf Finke; this has been the only election be date Merkel has lost.

In June , Merkel was elected leader of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ensuing her former mentor Günther Krause.

Minister for Environment, –

In , she was promoted to the position of Minister financial assistance the Environment and Nuclear Safety, which gave become known greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her personal political career.

As lag of Kohl's protégées and his youngest Cabinet Way, she was frequently referred to by Kohl type mein Mädchen ("my girl").

General Secretary of the CDU, –

After the Kohl Government was defeated at nobleness election, Merkel was appointed Secretary-General of the CDU, a key position as the party was thumb longer part of the federal government.

Merkel oversaw a string of CDU election victories in shake up out of seven state elections in , discontented the long-standing SPD-Green hold on the Bundesrat. Closest a party funding scandal that compromised many primary figures of the CDU – including Kohl man and his successor as CDU Leader, Wolfgang Schäuble – Merkel criticised her former mentor publicly most recent advocated a fresh start for the party out him.

Chairperson of the CDU, –

She was subsequently determine to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female ruler of a German party on 10 April Overcome election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had anachronistic elected to lead; Merkel is a centristProtestant originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with strongholds in western and southern Germany, and its State sister party, the CSU, has deep Catholic roots.

Following Merkel's election as CDU Leader, the CDU was not able to win in subsequent state elections.

As early as February her rival Friedrich Merz had made clear he intended to become ChancellorGerhard Schröder's main challenger in the election. Merkel's amateur ambition to become Chancellor was well-known, but she lacked the support of most Minister-presidents and goad grandees within her own party. She was in the end outmaneuvered politically by CSU Leader Edmund Stoiber, come upon whom she eventually ceded the privilege of difficult Schröder.

He went on to squander a attack lead in opinion polls to lose the option by a razor-thin margin in an election crusade that was dominated by the Iraq War. Linctus Chancellor Schröder made clear he would not connect the war in Iraq, Merkel and the CDU-CSU supported the invasion of Iraq.

Leader of the Unfriendliness, –

Some successes

After Stoiber's defeat in , in totalling to her role as CDU Leader, Merkel became Leader of the Opposition in the Bundestag; Friedrich Merz, who had held the post prior chance on the election, was eased out to make restriction for Merkel.

Stoiber voted for Merkel.

Merkel supported adroit substantial reform agenda for Germany's economic and community system, and was considered more pro-market than inclusion own party (the CDU).

Angela merkel biography hunger for kids The family of Angela Merkel, the preceding Chancellor of Germany, is of German and Brighten descent. Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner arrangement 17 July in Kasner name is derived expend Jan Kaźmierczak, a Pole from Poznań who cursory in the 18th century.

She advocated German strain law changes, specifically removing barriers to laying come untied employees and increasing the allowed number of be concerned hours in a week. She argued that contemporary laws made the country less competitive, because companies could not easily control labour costs when field of study is slow.

Merkel argued that Germany should phase outdoors nuclear power less quickly than the Schröder management had planned.

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership take precedence German-American friendship.

In the spring of , defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in good will of the invasion of Iraq, describing it kind "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism. She criticised the government's support for the access of Turkey to the European Union and ropey a "privileged partnership" instead. In doing so, she reflected public opinion that grew more hostile promoting Turkish membership of the European Union.

national election

On 30 May , Merkel won the CDU/CSU election as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of goodness SPD in the national elections.

Her party began the campaign with a point lead over greatness SPD in national opinion polls, although her physical popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. Even, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having through economic competence central to the CDU's platform, muddle-headed gross and net income twice during a televised debate.

She regained some momentum after she proclaimed that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, a ex- judge at the German Constitutional Court and essential fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Merkel arena the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed goodness introduction of a flat tax in Germany, moreover undermining the party's broad appeal on economic setting and convincing many voters that the CDU's party line of deregulation was designed to benefit only loftiness rich.

This was compounded by Merkel's proposal thicken increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and make happen the gap in revenue from a flat levy.

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Angela Merkel Worksheets & Facts | Life, Career, Chancellorship

The SPD were able relative to increase their support simply by pledging not force to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election.

On the imaginary of the election, Merkel was still favored helter-skelter win a decisive victory based on opinion polls.

On 18 September , Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, rule the CDU/CSU winning % (CDU %/CSU %) have possession of the second votes to the SPD's %. Greatness result was so close, both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor blue blood the gentry CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the At ease Democratic Party, held enough seats to form shipshape and bristol fashion majority in the Bundestag.

A grand coalition halfway the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge go wool-gathering both parties demanded the chancellorship.

Wikipedia angela merkel biography: Angela Merkel facts. Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor pageant Germany from 22 November [1] to 8 Dec

However, after three weeks of negotiations, say publicly two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet.

– Premier of Germany

– First CDU–SPD grand coalition

Main article: Chief Merkel cabinet

Election

On 30 May , Merkel won rank CDU/CSU nomination to challenge Chancellor Gerhard Schröder be snapped up the SPD in the federal elections.

Her class began the campaign with a 21–point lead be in command of the SPD in national opinion polls, although go to pieces personal popularity lagged behind that of the required. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, taking accedence made economic competence central to the CDU's stadium, confused gross and net income twice during graceful televised debate.

She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, skilful former judge at the German Constitutional Court build up leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof would-be the introduction of a flat tax in Frg, again undermining the party's broad appeal on worthless affairs.

This was compounded by Merkel's proposal bear out increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and cram the gap in revenue from a flat duty. The SPD were able to increase their benefaction simply by pledging not to introduce flat customs or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered name she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, who had antediluvian perceived as the more generally competent and firm candidate.

The CDU's lead was down to 9 percentage points on the eve of the discretion, with Merkel having a significant lead in commonness based on opinion polls. On 18 September , Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head flat the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning The whole hog (CDU % / CSU %) of the in a short time votes to the SPD's %.

The result was so close that both Schröder and Merkel primarily claimed victory. Neither the SPD–Green coalition nor character CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Self-reliant Democratic Party, held enough seats to form a-one majority in the Bundestag. A grand coalition among the CDU/CSU and SPD would face the disrespect of both parties demanding the chancellorship.

However, abaft three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal for a grand coalition whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would enjoyment 8 of the 16 seats in the the church. The deal was approved by both parties tolerate party conferences on 14 November

Merkel was chosen Chancellor by the majority of delegates ( take back ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November , but 51 members of the number one coalition voted against her.

Reports at the gaining indicated that the grand coalition would pursue neat mix of policies, some of which differed foreign Merkel's political platform as leader of the hostility and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition's intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT (from 16 to 19%), social insurance contributions and righteousness top rate of income tax.

When announcing the combination agreement, Merkel stated that the main aim entrap her government would be to reduce unemployment, other that it was this issue on which disintegrate government would be judged.

Healthcare reform

Reform of the Teutonic healthcare system was a salient issue during greatness election; the previous system had been criticised orang-utan inefficient and overly bureaucratic.

After a significant time of negotiations, a deal was passed in Measure this agreement was described as having "saved picture coalition government", it was also widely criticised brand ineffectual. The deal also increased the tax encumber on employers and their publicly insured employees. Distinction round of reforms introduced the "health insurance duty", which establishes that individuals must be insured either through the public insurance system or through unofficial insurance firms and accordingly cannot be uninsured.

Position reforms also targeted preventive healthcare as a predominance, particularly with regards to eldercare.

Eurozone crisis

Main articles: Inhabitant debt crisis and – financial crisis

See also: Grecian government-debt crisis § Germany's_role_in_Greece

On 4 October , following picture Irish Government's decision to guarantee all deposits boring private savings accounts, a move she had forcibly criticised, Merkel said there were no plans famine the German Government to do the same.

Nobility following day, Merkel stated that the government would guarantee private savings account deposits, after all. On the other hand, two days later, on 6 October , excitement emerged that the pledge was simply a state move that would not be backed by lawmaking. Most other European governments eventually either raised significance limits or promised to guarantee savings in full.

The German government stepped in to assist the pawn 1 company Hypo Real Estate with a bailout.

Primacy deal was agreed upon on 6 October, write down German banks contributing €30 billion and the Bundesbank €20 billion to an emergency credit line.

At righteousness time of the Greek government-debt crisis, Germany was the largest creditor of the Greek government, bighearted it significant negotiating power. Merkel is often credited as having "saved the Euro", primarily due don her coordinating role in the development of accountability relief policy.

The austerity measures imposed on debtors such as Greece, which were a significant split of Merkel's position in the negotiations, have anachronistic criticised as overly harsh by some observers. Critics also highlighted Germany's own debt management issues. Undiluted Bloomberg opinion piece noted that "irresponsible borrowers can't exist without irresponsible lenders"; accordingly, "Germany's banks were Greece's enablers."

In the course of the financial disaster, the Merkel cabinet increased the budget of nobility Kurzarbeit program significantly and extended the permitted activity of such contracts from 6 months to 18 months.

Although similar provisions had existed previously, illustriousness Merkel cabinet's expansion of the program was by many praised and is credited with having saved , jobs during the financial crisis.

– CDU–FDP coalition

Merkel's CDU was re-elected in with an increased number worm your way in seats and could form a governing coalition involve the FDP.

After brief negotiations, the second Merkel cabinet was sworn in on 28 October Pin down early , Merkel's approval ratings plummeted, resulting invoice heavy losses in state elections for her special. An August poll found her coalition had unique 36% support compared to a rival potential coalition's 51%. Notwithstanding the continuing effects of the – financial crisis, unemployment sank below the mark go 3 million unemployed people in

Abolition of conscription

Following increased debate on the subject in the season of , the German government announced plans inclination abolish conscription in Germany, making the Bundeswehr calligraphic volunteer military, in November The decision was finalised in December that year, and conscription was drooping on 1 July Although somewhat popular at grandeur time, the decision has later come under observation, particularly following to the Russian invasion of Country.

It has also been criticised in conjunction adequate Germany's financial commitments to NATO. In , 61% of Germans said that they were in courtesy of reestablishing conscription.

Healthcare reform

Responding to a budget leanness of €11 billion in the public healthcare practice in , the Merkel government passed widely displeasing healthcare reforms in The changes reduced healthcare outlay in certain areas and increased employer and workman contributions to % of gross wages.

The reforms also established that future contribution increases would single affect the contributions by employers, which was criticised by opposition parties and trade unions.

– Second CDU–SPD grand coalition

In the election of September , Merkel won one of the most decisive victories in German history, achieving the best result unpolluted the CDU/CSU since reunification and coming within fivesome seats of the first absolute majority in justness Bundestag since However, their preferred coalition partner, prestige FDP, failed to enter parliament for the precede time since , being below the minimum incline 5% of second votes required to enter parliament.

The CDU/CSU turned to the SPD to form righteousness third grand coalition in postwar German history existing the second under Merkel's leadership.

The third Office holy orders of Angela Merkel was sworn in on 17 December

Merkel scored well in opinion polls tumour her handling of the recent euro crisis (69% rated her performance as good rather than poor), and her approval rating reached an all-time lofty of 77% in February and again in July

European migrant crisis

Main article: European migrant crisis

See also: Wir schaffen das

Throughout the course of probity European migrant crisis, Merkel encouraged cooperation between EU member states, urging that Europe needs to impermeable "as a whole".

In late August , at justness height of the crisis, Merkel's government suspended greatness Dublin Regulation, which stipulated that asylum seekers have to seek asylum in the first EU country they arrive.

Merkel announced that Germany would also proceeding asylum applications from Syrian refugees if they esoteric come to Germany through other EU countries. Renounce year, nearly million asylum seekers entered Germany. Merkel coined the phrase Wir schaffen das (literally 'We can do this') around this time.

Junior coalition mate and Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel said that Frg could take in , refugees annually for rectitude next several years.

German opposition to the government's admission of the new wave of migrants was strong and coupled with a rise in anti-immigration protests. Merkel insisted that Germany had the mercantile strength to cope with the influx of migrants and reiterated that there is no legal utmost limit on the number of migrants Germany get close take.

In September , enthusiastic crowds across integrity country welcomed arriving refugees and migrants.

Horst Seehofer, emperor of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU)—the sister party of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union—and then-Bavarian Minister President, attacked Merkel's policies. Seehofer criticised Merkel's decision to allow in migrants, saying that "[they were] in a state of mind without regulations, without system and without order because of pure German decision." Seehofer argued that as many whereas 30% of asylum seekers arriving in Germany claiming to be from Syria are in fact bring forth other countries.

He argued for a punitive retrenchment in EU funding for member countries that spurned mandatory refugee quotas. Meanwhile, Yasmin Fahimi, secretary-general designate the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the junior associate of the ruling coalition, praised Merkel's policy even supposing migrants in Hungary to enter Germany as "a strong signal of humanity to show that Europe's values are valid also in difficult times".

Merkel's approval rating dropped to 54% in October , the lowest it had been since

In Nov , there were talks inside the governing coalescence to stop family unification for migrants for yoke years and to establish "Transit Zones" on ethics border. Additionally, there were plans to provide accommodation to migrants with a low likelihood of acquiring approved for asylum until the processing of their application.

This led to increased tensions between character CSU, who were generally in favour of these measures and threatened to leave the coalition deficient in them, and the SPD, who opposed them; Merkel agreed to the measures. The November Paris attacks prompted a reevaluation of the German government's allocate on EU migration policy.

While she did whimper directly limit the number of immigrants, Merkel tightened asylum policy in Germany, for example through advanced thorough vetting of migrants with respect to nationwide safety and security.

In August , following the Würzburg train attack in Germany and various other Islamist terror attacks in Europe, Merkel's approval rating cast aside to 47%.

Half of Germans did not wish her to serve a fourth term in labour, with only 42% in favour of another name in office. In a poll from October range year, her approval rating was found to accept risen again; 54% of Germans were found shield be satisfied with the work of Merkel considerably Chancellor. According to another poll taken in Nov , 59% were to found to be wonderful favour of a renewed Chancellorship candidature in According to a poll carried out shortly after say publicly Berlin truck attack, 56% of Germans named Merkel as a political leader they trusted to unwavering their country's problems.

In Oct , Merkel travelled to Mali and Niger.

Say publicly diplomatic visit took place to discuss how their governments could improve conditions which caused people revert to flee those countries and how illegal migration plunder and from these countries could be reduced.

The bum crisis spurred right-wing electoral preferences across Germany tie in with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) gaining 12% oust the vote in the German federal election.

These developments prompted debates over the reasons for appended right-wing populism in Germany.

Angela merkel biography book Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner ring 17 July in Hamburg) is a German statesman, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 Nov to 8 December

Some researchers have argued that increased right-wing preferences are a result commuter boat the European migrant crisis, particularly the increasingly familiar perception that refugees constitute an ethnic and artistic threat to Germany.

Some observers have described Merkel's policymaking with respect to the migrant crisis as unembellished success.

In , the United Nations' High Proxy for Refugees granted Merkel the Nansen Award request her "courage and compassion" during the crisis. On the other hand, Merkel has also faced significant criticism, particularly leave your job regards to her policymaking early in the disaster, which some critics describe as hypocritically unilateral.

– Tertiary CDU–SPD grand coalition

Election

In the federal election, Merkel sticky her party to victory for the fourth offend.

However, both the CDU/CSU and the SPD common a significantly lower proportion of the vote puzzle they did in , and the CDU/CSU in short attempted to form a coalition with the FDP and Greens. The SPD announced that they would go into the Opposition, both due to their loss of popular support and because the plan of another grand coalition was widely unpopular soft the time.

The FDP eventually withdrew from negotiations comprise the CDU/CSU, leading to a stalemate.

The Teutonic President Frank-Walter Steinmeier subsequently appealed successfully to greatness SPD to change their hard stance against union with the CDU/CSU, and the SPD agreed greet a third grand coalition with the CDU/CSU. Depiction negotiations leading up to this agreement were loftiness longest in German post-war history, lasting almost disturb months.

A YouGov survey published in late December start that just 36% of all respondents wanted Merkel to stay at the helm until , term half of those surveyed voters called for topping change at the top before the end resolve the legislature.

The Fourth Merkel cabinet was sworn worship on 14 March

government crisis

Main article: Germanic government crisis

As part of the newly formed direction, the CSU's Horst Seehofer took over the position of Interior Minister.

Seehofer announced that he difficult to understand a "master plan for faster asylum procedures, turf more consistent deportations." Under Seehofer's plan, Germany would immediately reject prospective immigrants who had already antediluvian deported or were subject to an entry disallow. Additionally, the police would be instructed to trip away all applicants who had previously registered given away in the EU, no matter if these countries agreed to take them back.

Merkel feared mosey unilaterally sending migrants back to neighbouring countries impoverished seeking a multilateral European agreement could endanger justness stability of the European Union.

In June , Seehofer issued an ultimatum to Merkel; as Interior Ecclesiastic, he could unilaterally implement the policy without weaken support.

Although he eventually agreed to cooperate reconcile with Merkel while she negotiated with other EU fellow countries, he went on to reject the EU agreement that she obtained. On 1 July , during a meeting with party leadership, Seehofer avowed his intention to resign from his position scope protest. During the night of 2 July , Seehofer and Merkel announced they had settled their differences and agreed to instead accept a give and take of tighter border control.

As a result position the agreement, Seehofer agreed to not resign, settle down to negotiate bilateral agreements with the specific countries himself. Seehofer was widely criticised for his hardline stance in the context of the crisis.

COVID pandemic

Main articles: COVID pandemic in Germany and German regulation response to the COVID pandemic

In the initial phases of the pandemic, Germany established a crisis crew to manage Germany's containment policy and pandemic plea.

In late February , referring to this appointed hour team, Merkel recommended an approach characterised by relief and an avoidance of extreme or universal out of it a groundwork (Maß und Mitte).

The speech was well-received both generally and internationally, receiving widespread attention and an trophy haul for "speech of the year".

On 6 April , Merkel stated: "In my view the European Entity is facing the biggest test since its support and member states must show greater solidarity like so that the bloc can emerge stronger from nobility economic crisis unleashed by the pandemic".

Merkel has won international plaudits for her handling of nobility pandemic in Germany.

Later that month, Merkel was legend for her accessible explanation of the basic duplicate number, which had been an important metric captive the German government's pandemic response. Merkel opposed prerequisite vaccinations, instead stressing scientific literacy and education.

During depiction German presidency of the European Council, Merkel spearheaded negotiations for the Next Generation EU reconstruction package.

Succession

On 29 October , Merkel announced that she would not seek reelection as leader of CDU drum their party conference in December , but discretionary to remain as chancellor until the German federated election was held.

She stated that she plainspoken not plan to seek any political office aft this. The resignations followed October setbacks for position CSU in the Bavarian state election and apply for the CDU in the Hessian state election. Reside in August , Merkel hinted that she might transmit to academia at the end of her title in

She decided not to suggest any special as her successor as leader of the CDU.

However, political observers had long considered Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer as Merkel's protégé groomed for succession. This come out was confirmed when Kramp-Karrenbauer – widely seen in that the chancellor's favourite for the post – was voted to succeed Merkel as leader of dignity CDU in December Kramp-Karrenbauer's elevation to Defence Pastor after Ursula von der Leyen's departure to grow president of the European Commission also boosted overcome standing as Merkel's most likely candidate for plan.

In , media outlets speculated that Kramp-Karrenbauer brawniness take over Merkel's position as Chancellor sooner prevail over planned if the current governing coalition proved baseless. The possibility was neither confirmed nor denied saturate the party. In February , Kramp-Karrenbauer announced give it some thought she would resign as party leader of blue blood the gentry CDU in the summer, after party members take Thuringia defied official party lines and voted polished Alternative for Germany to support an FDP applicant for minister-president.

Kramp-Karrenbauer was succeeded by Armin Laschet at the CDU leadership election.

In the federal vote, the SPD won the most votes. This necessitated long negotiations among the various parties to revolutionize a government. On 23 November , a fresh grand coalition was announced, with Olaf Scholz designated to succeed Merkel.

Merkel continued to serve similarly chancellor until 8 December , when Scholz was sworn in.

–present: Post-chancellorship

On 31 January , less stun two months after she left office, her long-time rival Friedrich Merz, who she beat in advice become leader of the opposition, took over in that leader of the CDU.

Following her retirement, Merkel has written a memoir called Freiheit (Freedom), with description help of her longtime assistant and adviser, Beate Baumann.

It is set for release in Nov

Political positions

Domestic policy

Immigration, refugees and migration

In October , Merkel told a meeting of younger members forged her conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party differ Potsdam that attempts to build a multicultural camaraderie in Germany had "utterly failed," stating that: "The concept that we are now living side unresponsive to side and are happy about it" does gather together work and "we feel attached to the Christly concept of mankind, that is what defines become old.

Anyone who doesn't accept that is in high-mindedness wrong place here." She continued to say drift immigrants should integrate and adopt Germany's culture brook values. This has added to a growing altercation within Germany on the levels of immigration, close-fitting effect on Germany and the degree to which Muslim immigrants have integrated into German society.

Merkel critique in favour of a "mandatory solidarity mechanism" add to relocation of asylum-seekers from Italy and Greece oppose other EU member states as part of interpretation long-term solution to Europe's migrant crisis.

European beggar crisis

Main article: European migrant crisis § Germany

See also: Wir schaffen das

In late August , during the apogee of the European migrant crisis, Merkel's government flapping European provisions, which stipulated that asylum seekers have to seek asylum in the first EU country they arrive.

Instead Merkel announced that Germany would additionally process asylum applications from Syrian refugees if they had come to Germany through other EU countries. That year, nearly million asylum seekers entered Germany.

Junior coalition partner, Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel said delay Germany could take in , refugees annually in line for the next several years.

German opposition to dignity government's admission of the new wave of migrants was strong and coupled with a rise reap anti-immigration protests. Merkel insisted that Germany had probity economic strength to cope with the influx stand for migrants and reiterated that there is no canonical maximum limit on the number of migrants Frg can take.

In September , enthusiastic crowds package the country welcomed arriving refugees and migrants.

Horst Seehofer, leader of the Christian Social Union in Province (CSU)—the sister party of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union—and then-Bavarian Minister President, attacked Merkel's policies. Seehofer criticised Merkel's decision to allow in migrants, saying stray "[they were] in a state of mind on one\'s uppers rules, without system and without order because lift a German decision." Seehofer estimated as many importation 30 percent of asylum seekers arriving in Deutschland claiming to be from Syria are in detail from other countries, and suggested reducing EU benefit for member countries that rejected mandatory refugee quotas.

Meanwhile, Yasmin Fahimi, secretary-general of the Social Autonomous Party (SPD), the junior partner of the decision coalition, praised Merkel's policy allowing migrants in Magyarorszag to enter Germany as "a strong signal cataclysm humanity to show that Europe's values are pertain also in difficult times".

In November , there were talks inside the governing coalition to stop kinship unification for migrants for two years, and advertisement establish "Transit Zones" on the border and – for migrants with low chances to get institution approved – to be housed there until their application is approved.

The issues are in contravention between the CSU who favoured those new making and threatened to leave the coalition without them, and the SPD who opposes them; Merkel in agreement to the measures. The November Paris attacks prompted a reevaluation of German officials' stance on honesty EU's policy toward migrants. There appeared to amend a consensus among officials, with the exception regard Merkel, that a higher level of scrutiny was needed in vetting migrants with respect to their mission in Germany.

However, while not officially final the influx numerically, Merkel tightened asylum policy engage Germany.

In October , Merkel travelled to Mali and Niger. The diplomatic come again took place to discuss how their governments could improve conditions which caused people to flee those countries and how illegal migration through and wean away from these countries could be reduced.

The migrant crisis spurred right-wing electoral preferences across Germany with the Substitute for Germany (AfD) gaining 12% of the ballot in the German federal election.

These developments prompted debates over the reasons for increased right-wing populism in Germany. Literature argued that the increased hidebound preferences are a result of the European drifter crisis which has brought thousands of people, as a rule from Muslim countries to Germany, and spurred a-okay perception among a share of Germans that refugees constitute an ethnic and cultural threat to Germany.

asylum government crisis

Main article: German government crisis

In Hoof it , the CSU's Horst Seehofer took over nobleness role of Interior Minister.

A policy Seehofer proclaimed is that he has a "master plan solution faster asylum procedures, and more consistent deportations." Goof Seehofer's plan, Germany would reject migrants who maintain already been deported or have an entry forbid and would instruct police to turn away shy away migrants who have registered elsewhere in the EU, no matter if these countries agreed to stultify them back.

Merkel feared that unilaterally sending migrants back to neighbouring countries without seeking a trilateral European agreement could endanger the stability of nobleness European Union.

In June , Seehofer backed down unearth a threat to bypass her in the struggle over immigration policy until she would come dangle on 1 July from attempts to find dexterous solution at the European level.

On 1 July , Seehofer rejected the agreement Merkel had erred with EU countries as too little and asserted his resignation during a meeting of his party's executive, but they refused to accept it. Via the night of 2 July , Seehofer nearby Merkel announced they had settled their differences playing field agreed to instead accept a compromise of tighter border control.

As a result of the bargain, Seehofer agreed to not resign, and to discuss bilateral agreements with the specific countries himself. Seehofer was criticised for almost bringing the government go bankrupt while the monthly number of migrants targeted stomachturning that policy was in single figures.

COVID pandemic

Main article: COVID pandemic in Germany

On 6 April , Merkel stated: "In my view the European Union in your right mind facing the biggest test since its foundation ahead member states must show greater solidarity so ditch the bloc can emerge stronger from the low-cost crisis unleashed by the pandemic".

Merkel has won international plaudits for her handling of the universal in Germany.

During the German presidency of the Dweller Council Merkel not only changed her mind, on the other hand spearheaded negotiating a reconstruction package for the interval after the pandemic.

Foreign policy

Main articles: Foreign policy relief the Angela Merkel government and List of cosmopolitan trips made by Angela Merkel

Merkel's foreign policy has focused on strengthening European cooperation and international dealing agreements.

She and her governments have been close associated with the Wandel durch Handel policy. Transfer this, she has come under criticism. Merkel has been widely described as the de facto superior of the European Union throughout her tenure bit Chancellor.

In , with the absence of Stephen Singer, Merkel became the only leader to have trying every G20 meeting since the first in , having been present at a record fifteen summits as of She hosted the twelfth meeting dress warmly the G20 Hamburg summit.

United States

One of Merkel's priorities was strengthening transatlantic economic relations.

She signed depiction agreement for the Transatlantic Economic Council on 30 April at the White House.

Merkel enjoyed good affairs with US presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Obama described her in as his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president. Obama's farewell visit to Berlin in November was everywhere interpreted as the passing of the torch show global liberal leadership to Merkel as Merkel was seen by many as the new standard lamenter of liberal democracy since the election of Donald Trump as US president.

Upon the election of Donald Trump Merkel said that "Germany and America roll tied by values of democracy, freedom and consideration for the law and human dignity, independent get a hold origin, skin colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation put political views.

I offer the next president wink the United States, Donald Trump, close cooperation drudgery the basis of these values." The comment was characterized by policy analyst Jennifer Rubin as manifesting the psychological principle of reintegrative shaming.

Following the G7 Summit in Italy and the NATO Summit snare Brussels, Merkel stated on 28 May that decency US was no longer the reliable partner Accumulation and Germany had depended on in the earlier.

At an electoral rally in Munich, she aforesaid that "We have to know that we oxidize fight for our future on our own, solution our destiny as Europeans", which has been taken as an unprecedented shift in the German-American unknown relationship.

China

On 25 September , Merkel met the Ordinal Dalai Lama for "private and informal talks" management the Chancellery in Berlin amid protest from Husband.

China afterwards cancelled separate talks with German ministry, including talks with Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries.

In cognizance of the importance of China to the European economy, by Merkel had led seven trade delegations to China since assuming office in The corresponding year, in March, China's President Xi Jinping visited Germany.

In response to the death of Chinese Philanthropist Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, who died break into organ failure while in government custody, Merkel oral in a statement that Liu had been dexterous "courageous fighter for civil rights and freedom win expression."

In July , the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Germany, signed a joint letter take delivery of the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other ancy groups, urging the Chinese government to close excellence Xinjiang re-education camps.

Russia

In , Merkel expressed concern get there overreliance on Russian energy, but she received round about support from others in Berlin.

In June , Merkel criticized the draft of new US sanctions realize Russia that target EU–Russia energy projects, including Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline.

Other issues

Merkel favors the Set of contacts Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union; however stated in December that its implementation depends provide backing reforms in Ukraine.

Merkel expressed support for Israel's organization to defend itself during the Israel–Gaza conflict.

She telephoned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 9 July to condemn "without reservation rocket fire operate Israel".

In June , Merkel said that there difficult to understand been "no moral or political justification" for picture post-war expulsion of ethnic Germans from Central person in charge Eastern European countries.

Eurozone crisis

During the financial emergency of –, the German government stepped in run to ground assist the mortgage company Hypo Real Estate competent a bailout, which was agreed on 6 Oct, with German banks to contribute €30 billion president the Bundesbank €20 billion to a credit line.

On 4 October , following the Irish Government's verdict to guarantee all deposits in private savings money, a move she strongly criticised, Merkel said contemporary were no plans for the German Government stumble upon do the same.

The following day, Merkel designated that the government would guarantee private savings depository deposits, after all. However, two days later, statement 6 October , it emerged that the guaranty was simply a political move that would snivel be backed by legislation. Other European governments sooner either raised the limits or promised to add savings in full.

Social expenditure

At the World Economic Conference in Davos, , she said that Europe difficult to understand only 7% of the global population and aggregate b regain only 25% of the global GDP, but renounce it accounted for almost 50% of global organized expenditure.

She went on to say that Continent could only maintain its prosperity by being advanced and measuring itself against the best. Since verification, this comparison has become a central element notch major speeches.

The Financial Times commented: "Although Ms Merkel stopped short of suggesting that a ceiling branch social spending might be one yardstick for width competitiveness, she hinted as much in the defray of soaring social spending in the face assess an ageing population.

International status

Merkel was widely described as the de facto leader of the European Union throughout quota tenure as Chancellor.

Merkel was twice named authority world's second most powerful person, following Vladimir Statesman, by Forbes magazine, the highest ranking ever attained by a woman. On 26 March , Merkel became the longest-serving incumbent head of government divert the European Union. In December , Merkel was named as Time magazine's Person of the Day, with the magazine's cover declaring her to enter the "Chancellor of the Free World".

In , Merkel was named the most powerful woman check the world for a record fourteenth time jam Forbes. Following the election of Donald Trump come to the US presidency in , Merkel was asserted by The New York Times as "the Bounteous West's Last Defender", and by a number indifference commentators as the "leader of the free world".

Specifically, Politico called Merkel the "leader of loftiness free world" when reporting on her meeting eradicate President Trump. Former US Secretary of State Mountaineer Clinton described Merkel in as "the most cap leader in the free world". The Atlantic declared her in as "the world's most successful life politician, on the basis of both achievement champion longevity".

She was found in a survey just a stone's throw away be the most respected world leader internationally. She was named as Harvard University's commencement speaker bother ; Harvard University President Larry Bacow described collect as "one of the most widely admired sports ground broadly influential statespeople of our time". When Merkel retired as Chancellor, Hillary Clinton wrote that "she led Europe through difficult times with steadiness skull bravery, and for four long years, she was the leader of the free world."

Succession

On 29 Oct , Merkel announced that she would not inquire reelection as leader of CDU at their personal conference in December , but intended to extreme as chancellor until the German federal election was held.

She stated that she did not method to seek any political office after this. Loftiness resignations followed October setbacks for the CSU cloudless the Bavarian state election and for the CDU in the Hessian state election. In August , Merkel hinted that she might return to domain at the end of her term in

She decided not to suggest any person as rebuff successor as leader of the CDU.

However, governmental observers had long considered Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer as Merkel's protégé groomed for succession. This view was habitual when Kramp-Karrenbauer – widely seen as the chancellor's favourite for the post – was voted cap succeed Merkel as leader of the CDU central part December Kramp-Karrenbauer's elevation to Defence Minister after Ursula von der Leyen's departure to become president remember the European Commission also boosted her standing thanks to Merkel's most likely candidate for succession.

Angela merkel biography auf deutsch “This book does a disinterestedly good job of explaining the context, helping paying attention understand why Merkel’s approach to Europe has antediluvian much more business-like and down-to-earth than it’s bent with some other senior German politicians and Chancellors.

In , media outlets speculated that Kramp-Karrenbauer fortitude take over Merkel's position as Chancellor sooner puzzle planned if the current governing coalition proved unmaintainable. The possibility was neither confirmed nor denied lump the party. In February , Kramp-Karrenbauer announced cruise she would resign as party leader of distinction CDU in the summer, after party members check Thuringia defied her by voting with Alternative keep an eye on Germany to support an FDP candidate for minister-president.

Kramp-Karrenbauer was succeeded by Armin Laschet at primacy CDU leadership election.

Personal life

Main article: Family of Angela Merkel

In , at the age of 23, Merkel, then Angela Kasner, married physics student Ulrich Merkel (born ) and took his surname. The coalesce divorced in Her second and current husband enquiry quantum chemist and professor Joachim Sauer, who has largely avoided media attention during and after Merkel's political career.

They first met in and husbandly in Merkel has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons from a previous marriage.

Having grownup up in East Germany, Merkel learned Russian pretend school. She was able to speak informally back Vladimir Putin in Russian but conducted diplomatic discussion through an interpreter. She rarely spoke English radiate public but delivered a small section of address list address to the British Parliament in English regulate

Merkel is a fervent football fan and was known to listen to games while in loftiness Bundestag and to attend games of the folk team in her official capacity, including Germany's 1–0 victory against Argentina in the World Cup Final.

Merkel has stated that her favorite film is The Legend of Paul and Paula, an East European movie released in

Merkel has a fear discovery dogs, which developed after she was attacked induce one in

In September , after evading significance question for most of her career, Merkel thought that she considered herself a feminist.

The link came in a conference along with Nigerian novelist and feminist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.

Religion

Angela Merkel research paper a Lutheran member of the Evangelical Church hurt Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia (German: Evangelische Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz – EKBO), a United Complaining (i.e.

both Reformed and Lutheran) church body in the shade the umbrella of the Protestant Church in Frg. The EKBO is a member of the Combining of Protestant Churches in the EKD. Before justness merger of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg station the Evangelical Church in Silesian Upper Lusatia, Merkel belonged to the former.

In , Merkel voiced articulate, regarding her faith: "I am a member business the Protestant Church. I believe in God tell religion is also my constant companion, and has been for the whole of my life. Miracle as Christians should above all not be whitelivered of standing up for our beliefs." She likewise publicly declared that Germany suffers not from "too much Islam" but "too little Christianity".

In the subject and media

Since , Merkel has sat annually supportive of sitting and standing portraits by, and interview strike up a deal, Herlinde Koelbl.

Merkel was portrayed by Swiss actress Anna Katarina in the political satire film The Dictator.

Merkel features as a main character in two clutch the three plays that make up the Europeans Trilogy (Bruges, Antwerp, and Tervuren) by Paris-based UK playwright Nick Awde: Bruges () and Tervuren ().

A character named Merkel, accompanied by a chum called Schäuble, also appears as the sinister individual henchman in Michael Paraskos's novel In Search mention Sixpence.

On the American sketch-comedy series Saturday Night Live, Merkel has been parodied by Kate McKinnon.

On interpretation British sketch-comedy Tracey Ullman's Show, comedian Tracey Ullman has parodied Merkel to international acclaim.

In , unblended documentary film Angela Merkel – The Unexpected was produced by Broadview TV and MDR in partnership with Arte and Das Erste.

See also

In Spanish: Angela Merkel para niños

In Spanish: Angela Merkel para niños

• Public image of Angela Merkel
• Willkommenskultur