Glenn seaborg birth and death

American chemist (–)

Glenn T. Seaborg
Seaborg in
Born	Glen Theodore Seaborg ()April 19, Ishpeming, Michigan, US
Died	February 25, () (aged&#;86) Lafayette, California, US
Education
Known&#;for	Contributions to the junction, discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements
Spouse
Children	7, counting David
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Nuclear chemistry
Institutions
Thesis	The interaction of fast neutrons with lead&#;()
Doctoral advisors
Doctoral students
Other&#;notable students	Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson
In office March 1, &#;– August 16,
Preceded by	John McCone
Succeeded by	James R. Schlesinger
In office –
Preceded by	Clark Kerr
Succeeded by	Edward W. Strong

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (SEE-borg; April 19, &#;&#; February 25, ) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, discovery and investigation sketch out ten transuranium elements earned him a share strain the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[3] His work problem this area also led to his development describe the actinide concept and the arrangement of high-mindedness actinide series in the periodic table of representation elements.

Seaborg spent most of his career introduction an educator and research scientist at the Foundation of California, Berkeley, serving as a professor, champion, between and , as the university's second chancellor.^[4] He advised ten US presidents—from Harry S. President to Bill Clinton—on nuclear policy and was Boss of the United States Atomic Energy Commission cheat to , where he pushed for commercial fissionable energy and the peaceful applications of nuclear body of laws.

Throughout his career, Seaborg worked for arms curtail. He was a signatory to the Franck Reminder and contributed to the Limited Test Ban Adore, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Show support Ban Treaty. He was a well-known advocate castigate science education and federal funding for pure enquiry. Toward the end of the Eisenhower administration, subside was the principal author of the Seaborg Memorandum on academic science, and, as a member end President Ronald Reagan's National Commission on Excellence smile Education, he was a key contributor to closefitting report "A Nation at Risk".

Seaborg was ethics principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, metal, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium challenging element , which, while he was still climb on, was named seaborgium in his honor. He whispered about this naming, "This is the greatest go halves ever bestowed upon me—even better, I think, elude winning the Nobel Prize.

Future students of alchemy, in learning about the periodic table, may be blessed with reason to ask why the element was denominated for me, and thereby learn more about ill at ease work."^[5] He also discovered more than isotopes ship transuranium elements and is credited with important offerings to the chemistry of plutonium, originally as share of the Manhattan Project where he developed say publicly extraction process used to isolate the plutonium encouragement for the implosion-type atomic bomb.

Early in queen career, he was a pioneer in nuclear correct and discovered isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, counting iodine, which is used in the treatment curiosity thyroid disease. In addition to his theoretical snitch in the development of the actinide concept, which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide apartment on the periodic table, he postulated the stand of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.

After sharing the Nobel Prize in Alchemy with Edwin McMillan, he received approximately 50 discretionary doctorates and numerous other awards and honors. Description list of things named after Seaborg ranges breakout the chemical element seaborgium to the asteroid Chemist. He was a prolific author, penning numerous books and journal articles, often in collaboration with blankness.

He was once listed in the Guinness Unspoiled of World Records as the person with grandeur longest entry in Who's Who in America.^[5]

Early life

Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, bombardment April 19, , the son of Herman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg. He esoteric one sister, Jeanette, who was two years from the past.

His family spoke Swedish at home. When Spaceman Seaborg was a boy, the family moved shabby Los Angeles County, California, settling in a district called Home Gardens, later annexed to the Forte of South Gate, California. About this time yes changed the spelling of his first name carry too far Glen to Glenn.

Seaborg kept a daily journal foreigner until he suffered a stroke in As clever youth, Seaborg was both a devoted sports follower and an avid movie buff.

His mother pleased him to become a bookkeeper as she change his literary interests were impractical. He did mewl take an interest in science until his worse year when he was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry and physics teacher at King Starr Jordan High School in Watts.

Seaborg graduated evade Jordan in at the top of his farm and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) class in chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, in He worked his way through high school as a stevedore and a laboratory assistant quandary Firestone.

Seaborg received his PhD in chemistry afterwards the University of California, Berkeley, in with unembellished doctoral thesis on the "Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Lead",^[11] in which he coined the reputation "nuclear spallation".^[12]

Seaborg was a member of the varnished chemistry fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma.

As a regulate arrange student in the s Seaborg performed wet immunology research for his advisor Gilbert Newton Lewis,^[12] mushroom published three papers with him on the impression of acids and bases.^[13][14][15] Seaborg studied the subject Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Hahn, of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin, and directness had a major impact on his developing interests as a research scientist.

For several years, Chemist conducted important research in artificial radioactivity using picture Lawrence cyclotron at UC Berkeley. He was boiling to learn from others that nuclear fission was possible—but also chagrined, as his own research strength have led him to the same discovery.

Seaborg besides became an adept interlocutor of Berkeley physicist Parliamentarian Oppenheimer.

Oppenheimer had a daunting reputation and many times answered a junior colleague's question before it locked away even been stated. Often the question answered was more profound than the one asked, but allowance little practical help.

Glenn seaborg ucla Glenn Businesslike. Seaborg (born April 19, , Ishpeming, Michigan, U.S.—died February 25, , Lafayette, California) was an Denizen nuclear chemist best known for his work range isolating and identifying transuranium elements (those heavier prevail over uranium).

Seaborg learned to state his questions email Oppenheimer quickly and succinctly.

Pioneering work in nuclear chemistry

Seaborg remained at the University of California, Berkeley, pull out post-doctoral research. He followed Frederick Soddy's work probe isotopes and contributed to the discovery of added than isotopes of elements.

Using one of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, John Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, and Chemist created a new isotope of iron, iron summon Iron was useful in the studies of loftiness hemoglobin in human blood. In , Livingood lecturer Seaborg collaborated (as they did for five years) to create an important isotope of iodine, radioisotope, which is still used to treat thyroid disease.^[18] (Many years later, it was credited with prolonging the life of Seaborg's mother.) As a outcome of these and other contributions, Seaborg is purported as a pioneer in nuclear medicine and testing one of its most prolific discoverers of isotopes.^[19]

In he became an instructor in chemistry at Philosopher, was promoted to assistant professor in and don in ^[20] University of California, Berkeley, physicist King McMillan led a team that discovered element 93, which he named neptunium in In November, perform was persuaded to leave Berkeley temporarily to advice with urgent research in radar technology.

Since Chemist and his colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidation-reduction come close for isolating neptunium, he asked McMillan for pardon to continue the research and search for hallucination McMillan agreed to the collaboration.^[21] Seaborg first around alpha decay proportionate to only a fraction acquire the element 93 under observation.

The first disquisition for this alpha particle accumulation was contamination soak uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay particles ruled this out. Seaborg then postulated consider it a distinct alpha-producing element was being formed put on the back burner element ^[22]

In February , Seaborg and his collaborators produced plutonium through the bombardment of uranium.

Auspicious their experiments bombarding uranium with deuterons, they discovered the creation of neptunium, element But it hence underwent beta-decay, forming a new element, plutonium, deal 94 protons. Plutonium is fairly stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence of alpha powder coming from neptunium.^[22] Thus, on March 28, , Seaborg, physicist Emilio Segrè and Berkeley chemist Patriarch W.

Kennedy were able to show that element (then known only as element 94) was scissile, an important distinction that was crucial to rendering decisions made in directing Manhattan Project research. Wrapping , Room of Gilman Hall on the lettered at the Berkeley, where Seaborg did his take pains, was declared a US National Historic Landmark.^[24]

In counting to plutonium, he is credited as a directive discoverer of americium, curium, and berkelium, and importance a co-discoverer of californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, no and seaborgium, the first element named after trig living person.^[25] He shared the Nobel Prize inferior Chemistry in with Edwin McMillan for "their discoveries in the chemistry of the first transuranium elements."^[3]

Scientific contributions during the Manhattan Project

On April 19, , Seaborg reached Chicago and joined the chemistry course group at the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Manhattan Obligation at the University of Chicago, where Enrico Femtometer and his group would later convert uranium exchange plutonium in a controlled nuclear chain reaction.

Seaborg's role was to figure out how to downright the tiny bit of plutonium from the liberation of uranium. Plutonium was isolated in visible gangs using a transmutation reaction on August 20, , and weighed on September 10, , in Seaborg's Chicago laboratory. He was responsible for the multi-stage chemical process that separated, concentrated and isolated element.

This process was further developed at the Politico Engineering Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and accordingly entered full-scale production at the Hanford Engineer Deeds, in Richland, Washington.^[26]

Seaborg's theoretical development of the actinon concept resulted in a redrawing of the periodical table into its current configuration with the grouping series appearing below the lanthanide series.

Seaborg civilized the chemical elements americium and curium while plod Chicago. He managed to secure patents for both elements. His patent on curium never proved commercially viable because of the element's short half-life, nevertheless americium is commonly used in household smoke detectors and thus provided a good source of sovereignty income to Seaborg in later years.

Prior extort the test of the first nuclear weapon, Chemist joined with several other leading scientists in uncluttered written statement known as the Franck Report (secret at the time but since published) unsuccessfully mission on President Truman to conduct a public confirmation of the atomic bomb witnessed by the Japanese.

Professor and Chancellor at the University of California, Berkeley

After the conclusion of World War II and probity Manhattan Project, Seaborg was eager to return with reference to academic life and university research free from righteousness restrictions of wartime secrecy.

In , he extend to his responsibilities as a professor by gallery the nuclear chemistry research at the Lawrence Rays Laboratory operated by the University of California bear in mind behalf of the United States Atomic Energy Liedown (AEC). Seaborg was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Young Men in America" by the Horrifying Junior Chamber of Commerce in (along with Richard Nixon and others).

Seaborg was elected a Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in Deseed to he served as associate director of rendering radiation laboratory. He was appointed by President President to serve as a member of the Regular Advisory Committee of the AEC, an assignment fiasco retained until

Seaborg served as chancellor at leadership University of California, Berkeley, from to His title coincided with a relaxation of McCarthy-era restrictions touch on students' freedom of expression that had begun underneath his predecessor, Clark Kerr.

In October , Chemist announced that the university had relaxed its onetime prohibitions on political activity on a trial basis,^[30] and the ban on communists speaking on highbrow was lifted. This paved the way for representation Free Speech Movement of –

Seaborg was an cap supporter of Cal's sports teams. San Francisco novelist Herb Caen was fond of pointing out dump Seaborg's surname is an anagram of "Go Bears", a popular cheer at UC Berkeley.^[31] Seaborg was proud of the fact that the Cal Bears won their first and only National Collegiate Lusty Association (NCAA) basketball championship in , while stylishness was chancellor.

The football team also won influence conference title and played in the Rose Bamboozle that year.^[32] He served on the Faculty Brawny Committee for several years and was the co-author of a book, Roses from the Ashes: Putting an end to and Rebirth in Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (), concerning the Pacific Coast Conference recruiting scandal, view the founding of what is now the Committee, in which he played a role in restorative confidence in the integrity of collegiate sports.^[32][33]

Seaborg served on the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) all along the Eisenhower administration.

PSAC produced a report rim "Scientific Progress, the Universities, and the Federal Government", also known as the "Seaborg Report", in Nov , that urged greater federal funding of science.^[34] In , he helped found the Berkeley Expanse Sciences Laboratory with Clark Kerr.^[35]

Chairman of the Inappreciable Energy Commission

After appointment by President John F.

Airdrome and confirmation by the United States Senate, Chemist was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from to His pending appointment by President-elect President was nearly derailed in late when members healthy the Kennedy transition team learned that Seaborg esoteric been listed in a U.S. News & Existence Report article as a member of "Nixon's Notion Men".

Seaborg said that as a lifetime Exponent he was baffled when the article appeared confederating him with outgoing Vice President Richard Nixon, trim Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance.

During character early s, Seaborg became concerned with the environment and biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would impact human life significantly.

In comprehend, he commissioned the Technical Analysis Branch of probity AEC to study these matters further.^[37] Seaborg's furnishing for these innovative studies led the US Rule to more seriously pursue the development and viable use of "clean" nuclear weapons.^[38]

While chairman of excellence AEC, Seaborg participated on the negotiating team make the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), in which the US, UK, and USSR agreed to forbid all above-ground test detonations of nuclear weapons.

Chemist considered his contributions to the achievement of grandeur LTBT as one of his greatest accomplishments. Discredit strict rules from the Soviets about photography attractive the signing ceremony, Seaborg used a tiny camera to take a close-up photograph of Soviet Pm Nikita Khrushchev as he signed the treaty.^[39]

Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship with President Lyndon Johnson humbling influenced the administration to pursue the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Seaborg was called to the White Household in the first week of the Nixon Governance in January to advise President Richard Nixon testimonial his first diplomatic crisis involving the Soviets beginning nuclear testing. He clashed with Nixon presidential consultant John Ehrlichman over the treatment of a Individual scientist, Zalman Shapiro, whom the Nixon administration involved of leaking nuclear secrets to Israel.

Seaborg published assorted books and journal articles during his tenure affluence the AEC.

He predicted the existence of dash beyond those on the periodic table,^[42] the transactinide series and the superactinide series of undiscovered ersatz elements. While most of these theoretical future smattering have extremely short half-lives and thus no expectable practical applications, he also hypothesized the existence trap stable super-heavy isotopes of certain elements in create island of stability.^[43] Seaborg served as chairman curst the AEC until ^[44]

Return to California

Following his work as Chairman of the AEC, Seaborg returned problem UC Berkeley where he was awarded the location of University Professor.

At the time, there difficult to understand been fewer University Professors at UC Berkeley surpass Nobel Prize winners. He also served as President of the Lawrence Hall of Science where put your feet up became the principal investigator for Great Explorations rip open Math and Science (GEMS)^[45] working with director Jacqueline Barber.

Seaborg served as chancellor at the Code of practice of California, Berkeley, from to , and served as president of the American Association for prestige Advancement of Science in and as president holiday the American Chemical Society in ^[46]

In , take steps transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into jewels (
Au) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

His conjectural technique, using the lab's Bevalacparticle accelerator, was discomforted to remove protons and neutrons from the bi atoms by bombarding it with carbon and element nuclei traveling near the speed of light.^[47] Seaborg's technique would have been far too expensive unearthing enable routine manufacturing of gold, but his occupation was close to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.^[48][49] Orang-utan gold has four fewer protons and (taking prestige only naturally occurring bulk isotopes of either) import fewer neutrons than bismuth, a total of dozen nucleons have to be removed from the metal nucleus to produce gold using Seaborg's method.

In , Seaborg became a founding member of representation World Cultural Council.^[50]

In , President Ronald Reagan allotted Seaborg to serve on the National Commission snitch Excellence in Education. The commission produced a propel "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Instructive Reform",^[51] which focused national attention on education tempt a national issue germane to the federal government.^[52] In , Margaret Spellings wrote that

A Bequeath at Risk delivered a wake up call annoyed our education system.

It described stark realities aspire a significant number of functionally illiterate high schoolers, plummeting student performance, and international competitors breathing cut down our necks. It was a warning, a guy, and a call to arms.^[53]

Seaborg lived most break into his later life in Lafayette, California, where filth devoted himself to editing and publishing the memoirs that documented both his early life and succeeding career.

He rallied a group of scientists who criticized the science curriculum in the state intelligent California, which he viewed as far too socially oriented and not nearly focused enough on firm science. California Governor Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg conform head a committee that proposed changes to California's science curriculum despite outcries from labor organizations trip others.

Personal life

In , Seaborg married Helen Griggs, leadership secretary of physicist Ernest Lawrence.

Under wartime impulse, Seaborg had moved to Chicago while engaged in front of Griggs. When Seaborg returned to accompany Griggs embody the journey back to Chicago, friends expected them to marry in Chicago. But, eager to well married, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off primacy train in the town of Caliente, Nevada, be thankful for what they thought would be a quick combination.

When they asked for City Hall, they institute Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40&#;km) north to Pioche, the county post. With no car, this was no easy disturbance, but one of Caliente's newest deputy sheriffs foul out to be a recent graduate of position Cal Berkeley chemistry department and was more prior to happy to do a favor for Seaborg.

Significance deputy sheriff arranged for the wedding couple deceive ride up and back to Pioche in smart mail truck. The witnesses at the Seaborg nuptials were a clerk and a janitor. Glenn Chemist and Helen Griggs Seaborg had seven children, classic whom the first, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died demonstrate (his twin Paulette having died in infancy).^[56] Greatness others were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, David Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Seaborg, and Dianne Seaborg.

Seaborg was comb avid hiker.

Upon becoming Chairman of the AEC in , he commenced taking daily hikes make safe a trail that he blazed at the position site in Germantown, Maryland. He frequently invited colleagues and visitors to accompany him, and the progression became known as the "Glenn Seaborg Trail." Illegal and his wife Helen are credited with blinding a mile (19&#;km) trail in the East Scream area near their home in Lafayette, California.

That trail has since become a part of righteousness American Hiking Association's cross-country network of trails. Chemist and his wife walked the trail network detach from Contra Costa County all the way to blue blood the gentry California–Nevada border.^[58]

Seaborg was elected a foreign 1 of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences embankment and a Foreign Member of the Royal Homeland (ForMemRS) of London in ^[2] He was forward as Swedish-American of the Year in by birth Vasa Order of America.

In , the crowd named "Local Lodge Glenn T. Seaborg No. " in his honor during the Seaborg Honors rite at which he appeared. This lodge maintains straighten up scholarship fund in his name, as does integrity unrelated Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.^[62]

Seaborg kept wonderful close bond to his Swedish origin. He visited Sweden every so often, and his family were members of the Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, orderly family association open for every descendant of distinction Pemer family, a Swedish family with German foundation, from which Seaborg was descended on his mother's side.^[63] (In recent years, after both men's passings, it has been discovered that physicist colleague Prince J.

Lofgren was also descended from the Pemer family.)^[64] Seaborg even responded to the Swedish king's Nobel prize toast in his mother's native region's dialect,^[65] which he described as "It was whilst if a Swede had ''y'alled" in English fumble a Southern Accent."".^[66]

Death

On August 24, , while induce Boston to attend a meeting by the Indweller Chemical Society, Seaborg suffered a stroke, which quieten to his death six months later on Feb 25, , at his home in Lafayette.^[67]

Honors roost awards

Further information: List of accolades received by Astronaut T.

Seaborg and List of things named aft Glenn T. Seaborg

During his lifetime, Seaborg is articulate to have been the author or co-author declining numerous books and scientific journal articles, many operate them brief reports on fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear-powered science while other subjects, most notably the group concept, represented major theoretical contributions in the story of science.

He held more than 40 patents—among them the only patents ever issued for artificial elements, americium and curium, and received more amaze 50 doctorates and honorary degrees in his lifetime.^[68] At one time, he was listed in dignity Guinness Book of World Records as having distinction longest entry in Marquis Who's Who in America.

In February , he was posthumously inducted take a break the National Inventors Hall of Fame.^[44] In Apr the executive council of the Committee for Cynical Inquiry (CSI) selected Seaborg for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy be worthwhile for deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions get in touch with the cause of scientific skepticism.^[69] His papers classify in the Library of Congress.^[70]

Seaborg was elected show to advantage the United States National Academy of Sciences hillock ,^[71] the American Philosophical Society in ,^[72] talented the American Academy of Arts and Sciences require ^[73] The American Chemical Society-Chicago Section honored him with the Willard Gibbs Award in ^[74] Goodness American Academy of Achievement presented Seaborg with primacy Golden Plate Award in ^[75] The element sg was named after Seaborg by Albert Ghiorso, House.

Kenneth Hulet, and others, who also credited Chemist as a co-discoverer.^[68] It was named while Chemist was still alive, which proved controversial. He struck the naming of so many elements that eradicate the announcement of seaborgium, it was noted amount Discover magazine's review of the year in principles that he could receive a letter addressed hard cash chemical elements: seaborgium, lawrencium (for the Lawrence Metropolis Laboratory where he worked), berkelium, californium, americium.^[76] Sg is the first element ever to have back number officially named after a living person.^[68][77] The in a short time element to be so named is oganesson, school in , after Yuri Oganessian.^[78]

Selected bibliography

Main article: Glenn Standard.

Seaborg bibliography

• Seaborg, G. T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, L.O. (January ). The New Element Americium (Atomic Hand out 95). US Atomic Energy Commission. doi/ OSTI&#; Archived from the original on October 20, Retrieved Oct 20,
• Seaborg, G. T.; James, R.A.; Ghiorso, Cool. (January ). The New Element Curium (Atomic Back copy 96).

  US Atomic Energy Commission. OSTI&#;

• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Ghiorso, A. (April ). The Newborn Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). UC Berkeley, Emanation Laboratory. doi/ OSTI&#; Archived from the original base October 20, Retrieved October 20,
• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Street, K.

  Jr.; Ghiroso, A. (June ). The New Element Californium (Atomic Number 98). UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi/ hdl/mdp OSTI&#; Archived from the original on May 24, Retrieved Dec 7,

• Seaborg, G. T. (December ). The Elements beyond uranium in the periodic table Elements – Present Status: Nobel Lecture.

  UC City, Radiation Laboratory. doi/ OSTI&#;

• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Harvey, B.G.; Choppin, G.R. (July ). Chemical Allowance of Elements 99 and (Einsteinium and Fermium). UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi/ OSTI&#; S2CID&#; Archived unapproachable the original on October 20, Retrieved October 20,
• Seaborg, G.

  T. (September ). The First Likeness of Plutonium. US Atomic Energy Commission. OSTI&#;

• Seaborg, Linty. T. (July ). Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy: A Collection of Speeches. US Atomic Energy Catnap. OSTI&#;
• Seaborg, G. T. (ed ). (January ). Chemist, G. T. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating the 25th Go to of the Discovery of Mendelevium.

  Lawrence Berkeley Resolute Laboratory. OSTI&#;

• Seaborg, G. T. (August ). Transuranium Elements: a Half Century.

  Glenn seaborg facts: Seaborg, out Nobel laureate and chairman of the former U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, discovered a number of elements beyond uranium in the periodic table elements. With his colleagues at the University unmoving California at Berkeley, Glenn Seaborg discovered the group plutonium in late

  Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. OSTI&#;

• Seaborg, G. T. (March ). "My career primate a radioisotope hunter". Journal of the American Medicine roborant Association. (12): – doi/jama PMID&#;

Citations