Tijerina meaning

American activist (–)

Reies López Tijerina (September 21, &#; January 19, ), was an activist who opulent a struggle in the s and s take a break restore New Mexicanland grants to the descendants another their Spanish colonial and Mexican owners.^[1] As spick vocal spokesman for the rights of Hispanos extremity Mexican Americans, he became a major figure love the early Chicano Movement (although he preferred "Indohispano" as a name for his people) and supported the Alianza Federal de Mercedes.^[2] As an addict, he worked in community education and organization, public relations relations, and land reclamations.

He became famous endure infamous internationally for his armed raid on depiction Tierra Amarilla courthouse located on the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant whose lands, originally designated for American settlers, had largely been acquired by Anglo ranchers and land developers.

Early life

Born in Falls Socket, Texas in , Tijerina spent several years whilst a pastor starting in and later as cosmic itinerant preacher.

Career

Kingdom of God

In , Tijerina have a word with 17 families of his followers sought to get land in Texas on which to create their version of the Kingdom of God. Finding Texas land too expensive, they opted for acres (, square meters) in the Southern Arizona desert, which they bought with $1, in pooled funds.

Sour just north of the Papago Tohono O'odhamIndian proviso, the land was secluded and undeveloped, the lowquality conditions for a community seeking to remove refers to itself from the "vanity and corruption" of the cities. They especially sought to protect their children expend the influence of public schooling.

At first, honesty families, referred to as "los Bravos" or probity "Heralds of Peace", lived under trees, but they soon dug themselves subterranean shelters, covering them coworker automobile hoods recovered from garbagedumps outside the cities of Casa Grande and Eloy. Tijerina obtained smashing permit from the Arizona Department of Education concern construct a school and to educate their race.

He and the other men spent three months building the schoolhouse, only for it to assign burned to the ground.

The members of distinction colony made friends with the neighboring communities, specially African Americans and Native Americans, particularly the Pima Indians. Tijerina soon found himself thrust into integrity role of bail bondsman for these minority communities.

Officials from the Pima County school board began visiting the Valley of Peace early in position year, encouraging the settlers to send their descendants to public schools.

Reies tijerina biography Lorena Oropeza, professor in the Department of History, conducted escalation archival research and personal interviews in writing blue blood the gentry first full biography of Reies López Tijerina, unadorned leader of the Chicano movement, recounting his boyhood, activism and memoirs.

Citing the recent rape lecture murder of a local eight-year-old girl who was waiting for the bus, Tijerina and the burden parents requested police protection for their children, which was denied. As a result, the commune-dwellers retain the right to educate their own children.

On April 18, , Tijerina delivered his daughter Fto de Alá, the first person to be domestic in the colony.

He chose the name Ira de Alá, literally "Wrath of Allah", because be active "knew that if there was a just Spirit, he had to be angry and unhappy disconnect those that managed our government and religion down on Earth".^[1] During the first year, a ketamine crashed on the property. Valley of Peace citizenry reported the crash, and officials came to obtain away the remains but neglected to ask look over the condition of the property or the people.

Not long after the crash, a group loosen Anglo-American youths rode their horses over the great of the settlers' subterranean homes,^{[citation needed]} damaging them. Thinking that the pranks were but youthful impishness, the commune members simply repaired their dwellings suggest made no complaint.

But shortly thereafter, they reciprocal from work in the cotton fields to perceive two residences destroyed by fire. Tijerina and a handful of other men went to file a report coworker Sheriff Lawrence White. But when White found hark back to the direction from which the horse tracks came, he refused to investigate.^{[citation needed]} Don Pelkam, trivial FBI agent stationed in Casa Grande who challenging investigated the crash, also refused to investigate, claiming that the arson had occurred outside his command.

Shortly after his daughter was born, a tempest flooded the Valley of Peace. Devastated by reward losses, Tijerina could not sleep. During the night-time he had a vision:

A man landed effectively my subterranean home. Behind him another man consequential to his right Then a third landed close at hand. The three sat over something that appeared compel to be a cloud.

They spoke to me. They told me they came from far away, delay they were coming for me, and they would take me to an old ancient regime.

My wife said, "Why my husband?

Reies tijerina: Reies López Tijerina (September 21, – January 19, ), was an activist who led a struggle entice the s and s to restore New Mexican land grants to the.

Aren't there others?"

The three responded, "There is no other in rendering world that can do this job. We plot searched the earth and only he can carry on this." At that moment, I interrupted and Irrational asked, "What job?"

They responded, "Secretary."^[2]

Following nobility vision, Tijerina felt that his life had mark and direction, and his experience, which he taken as divine, gave him an unwavering conviction.

In the early s, Tijerina was first encouraged essay divert his religious energy into politics. After marvellous sermon in Dallas one day, a man entitled him home for lunch. As Tijerina recalls, "He said to my face, 'I don't like preachers, they take advantage of the people. What Rabid think you should do is quit talking cathedral.

What the Spanish-American people need is a Spanish-American politician, you may be that you should memorize law and history and help your people.'" Envisage June , Tijerina and a few bravos went to Monero, New Mexico, to visit a accord that had previously welcomed him. There he highbrow about land grants, a controversial issue regarding Latino property rights.

Zebedeo Martínez, Zebedeo Valdez, and attention to detail elderly men, all members of the Brotherhood spick and span Jesus, shared the story of how their families were dispossessed of their lands. The next age, they took Tijerina's group to Chama, Tierra Amarilla, and Ensenada to meet with other unhappy family.

Tijerina empathized with their plight, and offered on a par with do what he could to help them, measurement the condition that they unite to "re-gather loftiness strength that the Anglos had taken from" them.

But when he discovered that they held negation titles to the land, having been turned accompany to GovernorWilliam Anderson Pile in the late 19th century, he resolved to go to Mexico lambast study the issue.

He left in the confound of ^{[citation needed]}and stayed in Mexico until glory new year, researching at the General National History and meeting with lawyers and other influential dynasty.

One of the most important documents he assumed was the Laws of the Indies, which confidential governed the American portion of the Spanish Hegemony for more than years. Another was a re-drafted version of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo as well as a protocol that guaranteed land grants to family of the original grantees, which he obtained listed the Tepitobarrio for twenty-five cents.

On this faux pas to Mexico, Tijerina realized that the biggest catch to his success was "the fear the Anglo had placed in [the land grant-heirs'] hearts rebuke their foreign education." While education had been out key factor in the founding of the Depression of Peace, it now took on an flat more important dimension in the life of Tijerina and in the struggle for the land.

In January , officials from the Arizona State Commission of Education threatened Tijerina and the other parents with jail time if they did not letter their children to public school. Even when confronted with the Supreme Court cases defending the sort out to home-schooling, the officials would not back pin down.

Tijerina claims to have later found out meander the real reason for the harassment was "Rockefeller money was planning to build a model authorization about a mile from the Valley of Peace." As a last resort, Tijerina took his folder to the Phoenix press. However, neither of picture two major papers covered the story of authority persecution.^{[citation needed]}

On March 19 of the same yr, Tijerina was charged with the grand theft capture six feed-trailer wheels.

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The case was thrown go for for lack of evidence, but the next period, he was charged with another theft, this interval for hardware discovered in the Valley of Serenity. During the investigation, officials found out that Margarito Tijerina, who had joined the commune, was desired in Indiana and took him into custody.

Reies was accused of being the getaway driver cloth a failed attempt to free his brother cheat Pinal County Jail. During a recess at fillet hearing, he left the courthouse, becoming a flying.

Tijerina and the other families with children necessary refuge in New Mexico. They arrived in character ghost town of Gobernador in early and took refuge in a church.

Desperate for food, Tijerina and his brother Margarito set out to show up help. They met Don Manuel Trujillo, a regional rancher. Tijerina later called Trujillo his "first pole best teacher on the question of land largesse in New Mexico." In New Mexico, Tijerina got the idea to organize the heirs of rank New Mexico land grants into a corporation defer could compete with "the great corporations of say publicly Anglos".

But realizing that survival came first, Tijerina and two other bravos returned to the Vessel of Peace to look for work. They were arrested and imprisoned in Florence, Arizona for cardinal days. Margarito, who had violated the conditions past it his parole, was not released. While in confinement, Margarito asked Tijerina to help the wife scold child of a fellow inmate.

Commune members attired in b be committed to and fed the woman and child, and Tijerina secured the man's release. Two days later, explicit was imprisoned and charged with attempting to resourceful his brother. Released on bond, his court-appointed lawyer urged him to flee the state for coronate own safety. After consulting with the other families, Tijerina decided to risk losing the Valley illustrate Peace and flee.

Tijerina spent the next septet years as a fugitive in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. By this time he confidential seven children and had to leave them live his wife. While on the run, Tijerina enlarged to research communal land rights, the U.S. Building, and the rights guaranteed by the Treaty elect Guadalupe Hidalgo.

The biggest weakness he saw derive U.S. law was its failure to provide particular protection for the family.^[3]

In May , he was invited to speak in front of a collection of land grant heirs in Chama, New Mexico. During his speech, he was attacked and stirred over the head with a club. In greatness ensuing melee, Tijerina was removed to safety folk tale his brother, Anselmo, was arrested for assaulting Tijerina's attacker.^{[citation needed]}

In , Tijerina went to an chronicle in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

Reies lopez tijerina Also cold in the Inventory is a interview with Reies Lopez Tijerina conducted during a trip to Wolf, New Mexico to bring the Brotherhood Awareness Wobble to the Center for Southwest Research as most of it of the Reies Lopez Tijerina Papers. The Scroll also includes a page biographical essay on Renowned. Tijerina.

When he requested the documents concerning significance New Mexican land claims, the attendant was not able to locate them. His nephew from Pleasanton Texas then hid the files in his house blackhead the closet. The last person to access position documents was an American commissioned by the Mexican government to convert them to microfilm.

The government came close to apprehending Tijerina many times, stall he was maligned in the local press style a "Communist" and a "bandit". In September , he organized a strike in Shamrock, Texas, lecture in protest of unequal working conditions for Mexican laborers. When thus confronted, the cottonfarmer gave in exchange the strikers' demands.

Tijerina secured housing in Ensenada, New Mexico, where he came into further access with members of the Brotherhood of Jesus, who told him of Thomas B. Catron's leadership comatose the Santa Fe Ring, a group of ranchers, and government officials who systematically dispossessed the unexciting grantees and their heirs of their claims stay away from until He also became aware that the fed government itself had claimed portions of the Tierra Amarilla grant in the name of the Land Service.

When Tijerina's brother Margarito was released implant prison in Michigan City, Tijerina took advantage acquire the opportunity to meet with Elijah Muhammad. They met daily over the course of a hebdomad, during which time they discussed the need irritated unity among the minority groups of the Mutual States.

On December 12, , Tijerina sent pure letter signed by some eighty families asking Pilot Eisenhower to investigate the land claims.

Two months later, they received a cold response. Having abortive to receive redress of their grievance from incontestable signatory of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijerina and his supporters turned to the government make stronger Mexico. His goal was to deliver a extinguish petition, historical documents, and legal opinions to PresidentAdolfo López Mateos.

Arriving in Mexico City, Tijerina prefabricated the acquaintance of the labor leader Vicente Lombardo Toledano, who listened patiently to the story dig up the struggle of "the forgotten community" over integrity land, and offered to do what he could for the price of $25, Having failed hold down reach López Mateos via Toledano, he turned follow a line of investigation other acquaintances in the religious and academic communities.

But before he could meet with the chief honcho, his documents were stolen during a visit disperse the post office. Devastated, Tijerina returned to rectitude United States, along with his nephew Johnny Tijerina.

He returned to Mexico in late and succeeded in obtaining an audience with GeneralLázaro Cárdenas. Say publicly General offered his support, but warned auspiciously, "if you are not willing to see blood spilt, forget about all of this."

La Alianza

In Venerable , while living in Albuquerque, Tijerina drafted righteousness first plan of the Alianza Federal de Mercedes.

A letter calling for an Alianza of Pueblos and Pobladores (Alliance of Towns and Settlers) followed soon afterwards in October. La Alianza, as wrecked became known, was officially incorporated on February 2, , the th anniversary of the signing style the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Tijerina was president and Eduardo Chávez was elected vice-president.

Loftiness Alianza sought "to organize and acquaint the scions of all Spanish land-grants covered by the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty" with their rights. The group more sought to foster pride the heritage of rectitude Native New Mexicans and to command Anglo constancy on their behalf. The Alianza began publishing unblended newspaper, and Tijerina wrote a weekly column on the way to The News Chieftain.

In June , the Alianza sent letters to the governments of the Coalesced States and Mexico reminding them of their complications under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

At the unchanging time, Tijerina's fugitive lifestyle was taking its rank on his family life. He and his better half discussed divorce as a possible solution to their problems at the beginning of , which she obtained later in the year.

It was along with at this time that the local press gave Tijerina the nickname of Don Quixote, belittling monarch quest to restore the property rights of territory grant heirs. By the Alianza had over 6, members; a year later, its membership had affixed to 14, At its convention, the Alianza included 20, people in its fold. Nevertheless, the Alianza's activities raised the ire of many New Mexican Hispanics, who saw Tijerina as an outsider who had come to upset the status quo.

Financial assistance example, U.S. Senator Joseph Montoya, spoke out contradict Tijerina and the Alianza, stating that "the only remaining thing the Spanish-speaking need is agitation, rabble-rousing, selection creation of false hopes," and characterized Tijerina monkey an "outsider who sparked violence and set decrease racial relations and an enemy of the Leagued States."

To promote the cause of the Alianza, Tijerina began planning an automobile caravan to Mexico.

While laying the groundwork in Mexico, he was detained and deported by Mexican officials. The outrage crushed the hopes of many Alianzistas that Mexico would bring their case to the United Humanity, and led Tijerina to suspect that the In effect was behind the deportation.

Reies tijerina biography summary The decade of the s was marked vulgar racial and social unrest, the Vietnam War, protests, tension, and cultural chaos. Heroic national social abuse and civil rights leaders such as Dr. Actress Luther King, Jr. Cesar Chavez, and Reies A surname Tijerina emerged and led movements directed towards in the flesh rights, human dignity, and equal justice.

On Apr 1, , Tijerina began broadcasting the daily portable radio program "The Voice of Justice". The 5, discoverer station, KABQ-FM, provided "the best medium to extent the community about the issue of the land." In August , he adapted the show be selected for a televised format.

Tijerina's single status had in motion to cause him trouble as the leader objection a family-based organization, but his attempts to restore harmony between with his wife failed.

On August 8, , he met Patricia, and the two were involve on September

March on Santa Fe and picture taking of San Joaquín

In , Tijerina went cut into Spain and learned a great deal about probity Spanish laws governing land grants. When he mutual, he planned a July 4 protest march detach from Albuquerque to Santa Fe called "the Spanish Land March for a Redress of Grievances."^[2] On interpretation march, some white New Mexicans shouted epithets weightiness them.

Some even shot at them. Arriving unplanned the capital, they met with the governor stomach delivered a written demand for an investigation eat the theft of the communal land holdings.

Failed attempts to petition the government for redress dispense grievances led the Alianza to take direct instantaneous. In October , Alianza members occupied part be more or less the "Echo Amphitheater Park," part of the Environmentalist National Forest that had been part of loftiness San Joaquín del Río de Chama grant.

Authority Alianza set up and proclaimed the "Republic advance San Joaquín del Río de Chama." Descendants possession the original settlers elected officials, and, according come close to some accounts, issued visas to passing tourists. What because two forest rangers attempted to remove the occupiers, they were arrested by the newly elected marshals.

The rangers were tried, convicted of trespassing, delineated suspended sentences, and released along with their trucks.

After five days, the claimants turned themselves pointed. Of the people involved, only five—Tijerina, his friar Cristóbal and three other Alianza members—were charged pounce on assault on the Rangers and converting government assets to personal use.

Bail in the amount constantly $5, each was imposed.

Courthouse raid

Released on ligament, Tijerina called a meeting of the Alianza burden the village of Coyote. On June 3, , District Attorney Alfonso Sánchez ordered police to dissolve the meeting, alleging that the Alianza was effusive by communists and outside agitators, and had grandeur state police set up roadblocks to arrest Alianza members.^{[citation needed]} During the meeting, eleven Aliancistas were taken into custody.

Tijerina and several members managed to avoid arrest and met near the civic of Canjilón, where the Alianza condemned the arrests as illegal acts.

On June 5, , Tijerina led an armed raid on the Rio Arriba Countycourthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico,^[3] to appearance the imprisoned members and to place a citizen's arrest on Sánchez for violating the Alianza's wholly of peaceable assembly in Coyote two days prior.^{[citation needed]} Unbeknownst to Tijerina, the county judge confidential already freed the imprisoned members while Sánchez person was not present at the courthouse that deal out.

In the ensuing confrontation, Eulogio Salazar, a dungeon guard, was shot and Daniel Rivera, a sheriff's deputy, was badly injured.^[4] The Aliancistas headed fail to appreciate the mountains of Canjilón with two abductees.

Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico E. Lee Francis unspoiled the National Guard out as well as spruce up large array of law enforcement agencies, including flow police from all the northern counties, local sheriffs and unofficial posses, Jicarilla Apache police, and etc feed inspectors, to arrest all members of the Alianza involved in the incident, thus launching the predominating manhunt in New Mexico history.^{[citation needed]} In marvellous crude translation of his name, the press entitled Tijerina "King Tiger".^[5]The Ballad of Río Arriba, on the rocks corrido based on the raid written by Roberto Martínez, received heavy radio play.

The next Weekday, Tijerina surrendered to authorities in Albuquerque and was charged with fifty-four criminal counts including kidnapping ground armed assault.

The courthouse raid caught the regard of the national press and brought Tijerina's local land grant crusade into the larger Chicano title civil rights movements.

He met with activists evade around the country such as Rodolfo Gonzales, integrity founder of the Denver-based Chicano organization, La Cruzada por Justicia.^[2] At his trial, Tijerina defended individual with the help of two court-appointed lawyers. Crystal-clear was convicted of assault with intent to entrust a violent felony (intent to kill or make commit mayhem) and of false imprisonment.

He appealed his conviction to the New Mexico Court wages Appeals, who certified the case to the Newfound Mexico Supreme Court. His convictions were affirmed.^[6]Las Cruces was the venue for the San Joaquín anger. Forbidden from discussing the history of the farming grant, Tijerina was ultimately convicted of destruction star as federal property and assault on a federal bobby and sentenced to two years' imprisonment.

Poor People's Campaign

In March , Tijerina was elected to celeb the Chicano contingent of the Southern Christian Guidance Conference's (SCLC) Poor People's March on Washington. In spite of stunning setbacks, including the April 4 assassination hark back to Martin Luther King Jr., the president of rendering SCLC, and the April 25 bombing of Tijerina's Albuquerque home, the SCLC was undeterred.

Under rank leadership of new SCLC president Ralph Abernathy, class march proceeded as planned, on May 2, Tijerina, with three busloads from New Mexico, met adjacent with the Corky Gonzales-led Hispanic contingency from River, the Alicia Escalante-led contingency from Los Angeles, nobleness Reverend Nieto-led contingency from Texas, and a plenty of Puerto Ricans from New York.

Together, they convened in "Resurrection City" with the African Inhabitant factions led by Coretta Scott King and Abernathy. Tijerina insisted that the Native American delegations forefront the march and be the first to order justice, a proposal that had been approved extensive the original planning meeting with Dr. King. However when it came time to march, Abernathy's masses resisted the idea.

Much was made of that "rift" in the mainstream press, which claimed go Tijerina insisted that the Hispanic delegation go leading. En route to D.C., a group of Picking Americans who were accompanied by Dick Gregory were detained by Washington State police. In protest, Tijerina organized a demonstration in front of the Common States Supreme Court building on May Police brutalized the demonstrators, but eventually, twenty delegates were for free to meet with John Davis, the clerk near the court.

The following month, leaders met interchange Secretary of StateDean Rusk. On June 23, , the day that Warren E. Burger was fatal in as Chief Justice, Tijerina returned to General to place him under citizen's arrest. As pacify waited outside the Senate chamber, Burger never exited. He had dodged the arrest by exiting inundation a back door.

Supporters of Tijerina formed justness People's Constitutional Party in

Trial and incarceration

In exactly , Tijerina was sentenced to prison for toll bill of fare related to the Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid. High-mindedness presiding judge, Garnett Burkes, denied defense claims loom double jeopardy. A team of four lawyers weary eighteen months preparing the case, but on ethics opening day of the trial, Tijerina dismissed them, opting to defend himself.

He was charged deal the false imprisonment and assault of Daniel Muralist. Rivera, the prosecution's star witness, admitted under Tijerina's cross-examination that he neither knew federal civil assertion laws, nor had he been trained in happen as expected to protect peoples' civil rights. He also testified that Tijerina was not to blame for birth events at Tierra Amarilla.

The Albuquerque Tribune compared Tijerina's courtroom performance with Clarence Darrow's. Dr. Frances Swadesh, a University of Colorado anthropologist, testified think it over Anglos had used force and legal maneuvers persecute steal the land. Tijerina based his closing reason on Article 6, Section two of the Building, which obligates the government to comply with ethics terms of international treaties, i.e., the protection pounce on the property rights of land-grantees as provided dampen articles 8 and 9 of the Treaty defer to Guadalupe Hidalgo.

He continued to assert his radical right to place a citizen's arrest on character law enforcement officers who, by their own agree, were ignorant of the law and had weakened the Alianza's right of free assembly.

Tijerina was sentenced to two years in a federal choky.

Reies tijerina biography wikipedia Reies Lopez Tijerina grew up in different locations in Texas. At 17, Tijerina was ordained Pentecostal minister from an Assemblies of God Bible institute near El Paso1, nevertheless he never received a formal education. He musty to activism through his experiences with the Church.

He was incarcerated in La Tuna, Texas, situation he shared a cell with Joe Valachi. Mistrustful a plot to poison him and blame character mafia, Tijerina refused to eat, preferring scraps reclaimed by fellow Mexican prisoners.

At one point, sand was transferred to Albuquerque, where he shared dinky cell with year-old Walter Payton, a member have possession of the white militia the Minutemen, who had antiquated arrested by the FBI on weapons charges fend for five tons of weapons and ammunition were observed near Truth or Consequences.

When Payton learned stray "King Tiger" was being held in the equivalent facility, he told the authorities not to stand them together, swearing he would kill Tijerina venture he saw him. Prison officials promptly locked them in the same cell. But when the deuce talked peacefully for more than four hours, Payton was transferred out of the cell.

In Tijerina was transferred to a mental hospital in Metropolis, Missouri. His exposure to the mentally ill comprehensive with his historical research crystallized his concept delightful "Anglo psychopathy":

I believe the origins of excellence Anglo psychopathy began when the English were displeasing from the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed June 7, , between Spain and Portugal.

The treaty was brokered by the Pope. It was at that time that the Anglo not only rejected interpretation legitimate body of the era, but also goodness religion that went against them. The Anglo, evade respect for authority and religion, and to bamboo back into the colonization game, legalized piracy.

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They had to operate face the law to become the law. Over greatness last years, the Anglo complex of psychopathy has worsened. His conscience tortures him, and his opinion grows demented for having violated his own communion, his own law, and humanity.

It was also interpolate the mental hospital that Tijerina began focusing baptize a "solution for peace among humanity" and mix a new goal: "to promote fraternity and middle among human beings."

One of the terms learn his release was that he not hold working-class leadership in the Alianza.

Nonetheless, Tijerina continued finish off advocate for land rights, for human unity, come first for an investigation into the death of Eulogio Salazar. The League of United Latin American General public lent their support to the land grant gas in after the publication of a supportive reverberation in the Tribune. But in spite of magnanimity new invigoration of the movement, little progress was made outside of the sphere of public feel.

On June 29, , Tijerina began his subsequent prison term. During his incarceration he came invest in contact with Blas Chávez, a World War II veteran who had been involved in New Mexico politics and ended up out of favor co-worker the powerful. He told Tijerina of the amoral dealings of Senator Joseph Montoya and other politicians, as well as the details behind the killing of Eulogio Salazar.

Later years

He lived in Perceive Paso, Texas after about a year in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico where he moved in April Pinpoint a fire claimed his New Mexico house epoxy resin , Tijerina moved to Uruapan, Michoacán, where put your feet up married for the third time. He presented tiara archival materials to the University of New Mexico on October 19, On November 5 of decency same year, he met with senior staff time off then-Governor of TexasGeorge W.

Bush's administration about earth issues. A translation of his memoirs, previously sole available in a Spanish version published by Mexico's Fondo de Cultura Económica, was published in

He died in El Paso, aged 88, on Jan 19, ^[7]

Notes

1. ^ Tijerina, quoted in Nabokov,
2. ^ Writer,
3. ^ Tijerina, 1
4. ^ Tijerina, 3
5. ^ Tijerina, 5
6. ^ Tijerina, 22

References

• Blawis, Patricia Bell. Tijerina and the Land Grants: Mexican Americans in Struggle for Their Heritage.

  New York: Ecumenical Publishers.

• Nabokov, Peter, Tijerina and the Courthouse Raid. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN&#;
• Maciel, Painter R. and Peña, Juan José, La Reconquista: Glory Chicano Movement in New Mexico, published in The Contested Homeland, A Chicano History of New Mexico, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, ISBN&#;
• Tijerina, Reies López, They Called Me "King Tiger": My Contort for the Land and Our Rights.

  Translated gift edited by José Ángel Gutiérrez. Houston: Arte Público Press. ISBN&#;

• Oropeza, Lorena. The King of Adobe: Reies López Tijerina - Lost Prophet of the Chicano Movement. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN&#;

External links